As an important aminoglycosides antibiotic, gentamicin has been used clinically over decades. With the development in modern biological technology, the mechanisms of gentamicin action and resistance, its biosynthesis and structural modification were studied in great depth. Meanwhile, its emerging novel bioactivities and potential applications are also under extensive exploration. Here we summarize the latest progresses and prospects towards the future development of gentamicin for more efficient and effective uses.
Aminoglycosides ; biosynthesis ; chemistry ; Gentamicins ; biosynthesis ; chemistry

Enterovirus 71 (EV71) is a member of the Entero-virus genus of the Picornaviridae family and is the major cause of Hand,foot,and mouth disease (HFMD) in children.Different strains from Gansu were cloned and the P1 protein was sequenced and analysed.Results indicate that there are three kinds of EV71 infections prevalent in Gansu.The VP1 protein from one of these strains,55F,was expressed.The recombinant protein was expressed with high level and reacted specifically with the EV71 patient antibody,the recombinant protein was also applied to raise antiserum in rabbits and after the fourth injection a high titer of antiserum was detected by ELISA assay.These data are useful for further clarification of prevalent EV71 strains in the north of China at the molecular level and provide a basis for EV71 diagnosis.

Objective To study the profiles and function of small RNA (sRNA)gene during chondrogenesis in rats so as to clarify the mechanisms of chondrocytes proliferation and differentiation.Methods All the sRNAs were identified from the female SD rats femoral head cartilages at three time points:at birth,ablactation and maturation,and three sRNA libraries were constructed.The Solexa sequencing and the bioinformatics analysis were employed to be blasted with the genomes of SD rats.Results The perfect match reads in the three libraries were screened out,which were correspondent to the 21 7 921 (41.23%),1 96 650 (38.74%)and 245 436 (41.54%)unique sRNA sequence,respectively.The percentages of 20-24 nt sRNA were 71.94% (d0),72.85% (d21),and 86.39%(d42).Half of clean sequences were 22 nt sRNA.The distribution characteristics of the reads were in line with the high-quality sRNA.More than 62% clean reads were from mature miRNA while the ratios in the three libraries were only 0.69%,0.78% and 0.63%.About 60% of the unique sRNA could not be matched with miRBase20.0 or Rfam9.1.Conclusion The distribution model of miRNA in the three libraries indicates that the miRNAs with different functions or from different sources are involved in the regulation of chondrocytes proliferation and differentiation in bone development and formation.

Objective To investigate the prevalence of hypertension among adult residents in Mongolian region of Hulunbeier. Methods A total of 1536 adult residents were selected by using cluster sampling method, and 1496 completed the questionnaire survey. Blood pressure was measured for each participant. Results The prevalence of hypertension was 31.1%. Higher prevalence of hypertension was found in male ( 42. 0% vs 24. 5%, P ＜ 0. 05 ) and the elderly. No statistically significant difference of prevalence of hypertension was investigated in different nationalities (P ＞ O. 05 ). Conclusion The prevalence of hypertension among adult residents in Mongolian region of Hulunbeier is relatively higher.

Objective To evaluate the stability of U6 and let-7a as internal reference genes of miRNAs in RTqPCR by using femoral head samples of cartilage tissue from inbred DA rats.Methods Total RNA was extracted from femoral head cartilage tissues of female DA rats at three different time points,i.e.at birth (D0),ablactation (D21) and maturation (D42).The expressions of different miRNAs (miR-1,-25,-26a,-140,-146a,-150,-181a,-195,-223 and-337) were detected by RT-qPCR using U6 or let-7a as the internal reference.The two sets of miR expression were compared with the results from Solexa sequencing in our pioneer work to evaluate the stability of the two internal references.Results The relative values of U6 (P =0.045) and let-7a (P =0.021 5) revealed significant difference in the D42 sample.Both in U6 and let-7a systems,miR-26a,-140,-223,and-337 showed a similar tendency in expression and quantification but miR-1 and-146a did not have significant differences.miR-25,-150,-181a and-195 differed significantly (P＜0.05).Comparison of absolute quantification results between the two generations' sequencing showed that let-7a is more stable than U6.Conclusion Let-7a is more suitable to be used as the internal reference gene in RT-qPCR for miRNAs in cartilage tissue.

Objective To investigate the effects of morroniside on the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and fi-broblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2) in rat cortex after focal cerebral ischemia-reperfusion. Methods 30 male Sprague-Dawley rats were ran-domly divided into sham group, model group, morroniside-low group (30 mg/kg), morroniside-middle group (90 mg/kg) and morroni-side-high group (270 mg/kg). Middle cerebral arteries of rats were occluded for 30 minutes with Longa's method and re-perfused. The ex-pression of VEGF and FGF-2 in the ischemic ipsilateral cortex was detected with Western blotting 7 days after reperfusion. Results The ex-pression of both VEGF and FGF-2 increased in the ischemic ipsilateral cortexin in all the ischemic groups compared with the sham group (P<0.05). The expression of VEGF further increased in a dose-dependent manner in all the morroniside groups compared with that of model group (P<0.05), and the expression of FGF-2 increased in the morroniside-high group (P<0.001). Conclusion Morroniside could increase the expression of VEGF and FGF-2 after ischemia-reperfusion, which might promote angiogenesis.

Objective To explore the effects of morroniside on the expression of CD34 in ipsilateral cortex of rats after focal cerebral isch-emia-reperfusion. Methods 45 male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into sham group (n=9), ischemia group (n=9), and morroniside groups (low, medium and high dosage groups, n=9). The middle cerebral artery were occluded for 30 minutes, and reperfused. Morroniside was administered intragastrically once a day at dose of 30 mg/kg, 90 mg/kg, 270 mg/kg after operation. The expression of CD34 in the isch-emic ipsilateral cortex were detected with immunohistochemistry (n=6) and Western blotting (n=3) 7 days after operation. Results The ex-pression of CD34 increased in the ischemia group compared with the sham group, and further increased in the morroniside groups of high dos-age compared with the ischemia group (F>14.865, P<0.001). Conclusion Morroniside could increase the expression of CD34 in the ischemic ipsilateral cortex after ischemia-reperfusion in rats, which may promote the angiogenesis and neurogenesis after ischemia.

Objective:To compare the post-operative outcomes between extended lateral approach and L-shaped lateral approach in surgical treatment of Sanders type III intra-articular calcaneal fractures.Methods:A retrospective case-control study was made on clinical data of 34 patients with fresh Sanders type III intra-articular calcaneal fractures hospitalized in Langfang Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine from October 2014 to October 2017. There were 33 males and 1 female, with the age of 18-56 years [(42.5±9.4)years]. All fractures were fresh. Seventeen patients were fixed by the extended lateral approach (extended approach group) and seventeen patients by L-shaped lateral approach (L-shaped approach group). Operation duration, intraoperative bleeding volume, length of hospital stay, one-stage wound healing rate and complication rate were observed. B?hler and Gissane angle were measured before operation, one week after operation and 12 months after operation. American Orthopedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) ankle-hindfoot scale was applied to evaluate function recovery.Results:There were no significant differences between groups in operative time and intraoperative bleeding volume ( P>0.05). There were significant differences between extended approach group and L-shaped approach group in length of hospital stay [(15.7±4.0)days vs.(22.4±9.6)days], one-stage wound healing rate [88%(15/17) vs. 47%(8/12)] and postoperative complication rate [12%(2/17) vs. 47%(8/17)] ( P<0.05). The B?hler and Gissane angles did not differ significantly between groups before operation and one week and 12 months after operation ( P>0.05). At postoperative 12 months, the B?hler and Gissane angles were improved from preoperative (8.2±6.0)°, (85.3±10.5)° to (23.9±6.1)° and (119.3±6.2)° respectively in extended approach group, and those from preoperative (9.4±3.9)°, (85.5±7.1)° to (25.8±3.7)° and (122.2±5.6)° respectively in L-shaped approach group (all P>0.05). At 12 months after operation, the AOFAS score was (86.9±7.5)points in extended approach group, with the excellent and good rate of 88%; and was (83.3±12.5)points in L-shaped approach group, with the excellent and good rate of 76% ( P>0.05). While the score of hindfoot joint activity in extended approach group was (5.8±0.7)points, significantly higher than (3.4±1.0)points in L-shaped approach group ( P<0.05). Conclusion:For Sanders III intraarticular calcaneal fractures, compared with L-shaped approach group, plate fixation via extended approach can promote fracture healing, shorten hospital stay, reduce incidence of complications and facilitate function recovery of subtalar joint.

Objective To observe the effects of Soyasaponins on inflammatory factors, antioxidant activity and exercise ability in rats with severe heat stroke. Methods Eighty male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were randomly divided into normal control group, heat shock model group, saline control group and Soyasaponin group, The rats that died during the experiment or with a low rectal temperature (< 41℃) were excluded, and finally 54 rats were included, 18 rats remaining in each group. The rats in the heat shock model group were placed in the simulated hot climate animal cabin at 30 ℃, and the temperature within 30 minutes was raised to 39 ℃ in the cabin with 65% humidity; in the mean time, the rat models of heat shock were replicated under the following situations: let the rats exercise on a treadmill with running speed set at 15 m/min, slope degree 0°, once running for 8 minutes, interval 2 minutes and the heat shock time was 90 minutes, the rats in the normal control group were fed in an environment with temperature ranging from 23-25 ℃ and relative humidity ranging from 50%-70%. After the establishment of models, the saline control group and Soyasaponin group were given daily saline and Soyasaponin (10 mg/kg) respectively by gavage for 3 consecutive months, while the heat shock model group was not given any treatment. The femoral artery blood was collected 24 hours after the rats left the cabin. The serum levels of interleukins (IL-6, IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interferon-γ (IFN-γ), malonaldehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent (ELISA) and the contents of serum hemoglobin (Hb), serum urea (BUN), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and blood lactic acid (Lac) were measured by automatie biochemical analyzer. Results The levels of IL-6, IL-1β, TNF-α, IFN-γ, MDA, Hb, BUN, LDH, Lac in heat shock model group were significantly higher than those of the normal control group [IL-6 (ng/L): 86.17±4.82 vs. 12.60±3.49, IL-1β (ng/L): 83.00±5.98 vs. 15.70±3.64, TNF-α (ng/L): 72.22±6.93 vs. 13.75±2.69, IFN-γ (ng/L): 36.22±3.02 vs. 7.35±1.60, MDA (nmol/mg): 19.78±4.56 vs. 6.40±1.35, Hb (g/L): 136.22±1.93 vs. 126.75±5.84, BUN (mmol/L):21.06±3.44 vs. 5.65±1.35, LDH (μmoL·s-1·L-1): 9.65±0.83 vs. 2.12±0.17, Lac (mmol/L): 552.56±78.33 vs. 1.32±0.18, all P ＜ 0.05], SOD and GSH-Px were significantly lower than those in normal control group [SOD (kU/L):97.89±10.57 vs. 126.65±11.35, GSH-Px (kU/L): 19.22±2.58 vs. 43.45±4.02]; however, the levels of IL-6, IL-1β, TNF-α, IFN-γ, MDA, BUN, LDH and Lac in Soyasaponin group were significantly lower than those in heat shock model group [IL-6 (ng/L): 45.28±3.54 vs. 86.17±4.82, IL-1β (ng/L): 41.61±2.93 vs. 83.00±5.98, TNF-α (ng/L):37.22±2.46 vs. 72.22±6.93, IFN-γ (ng/L): 19.22±2.60 vs. 36.22±3.02, MDA (nmol/mg): 11.28±1.74 vs. 19.78±4.56, BUN (mmol/L): 11.78±2.13 vs. 21.06±3.44, LDH (μmoL·s-1·L-1): 3.70±0.26 vs. 9.65±0.83, Lac (mmol/L): 274.56±59.08 vs. 552.56±78.33, all P < 0.01], SOD, GSH-Px and Hb were significantly higher than those of heat shock model group [SOD (kU/L): 116.11±11.28 vs. 97.89±10.57, GSH-Px (kU/L): 31.17±2.90 vs. 19.22±2.58, Hb (g/L): 141.33±3.79 vs. 136.22±1.93, all P < 0.01]; there were no significant statistical differences in above indexes between heat shock model group and saline control group (all P > 0.05). Conclusion After heat shock and exercise management, the production and release of inflammatory factors are increased, and the level of lipid peroxidation was elevated in rats. The Soyasaponin can improve the ability to withstand heat shock and strong exercise by reducing the production and release of inflammatory factors and lipid peroxidation in the rats with severe heatstroke.

Objective:To investigate the cognition and willingness of nursing staff to Internet plus nursing service, and analyze the related factors that affect their participation in Internet plus nursing service.Methods:From April to May 2019, 150 nurses from three hospitals in Weifang were investigated by questionnaire and key person interview. Descriptive analysis and binary logistic regression analysis were used to analyze the intention of nursing staff to participate in Internet plus nursing service. The interview mode was used to analyze the appropriate mode of Internet plus nursing service from the perspective of nursing staff.Results:142 valid questionnaires were obtained, of which 137(96.5%)indicated willingness to provide Internet plus nursing services, and 135(95.1%) realized the necessity of the service. Education, marriage, nurses′judgment on the necessity of the service and their own subjective judgment of their competence were the factors affecting nurses′ participation in the Internet plus nursing service.Conclusions:Multiple factors affect the choice of nursing staff′s behavior in Internet plus nursing service.From the perspective of nursing staff, the Internet plus nursing service mode needs joint efforts from many aspects.