Atherosclerosis (As) is an important pathological basis of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. The pathogenesis studies of As have been a hot topic in the field of vascular biology research. The inflammation is known as a major participant in the development process of As. And monocyte-macrophage plays a central role in inflam-mation. In recent years, with the deepening research on inflammatory mechanisms, the As macrophage polarization is attracting researchers' attention. Under different environmental inductions, macrophages develop into M1 and M2 phenotypes. M1 macrophages (classical type), which can stimulate the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines, is generally considered as pro-inflammatory subtypes and can facilitate the progress of As. Whereas, M2 macrophages (alternative type), which can inhibit pro-inflammatory factor production, function as anti-inflammatory subtypes and likely to inhibit the progression of As. The mechanisms of As, macrophage polarization in As, and opportunities for herbal medicines will be summarized in this review.

In order to explore the mechanisms underlying the calcium alleviating fluorosis at protein level, we made an attempt to establish fluorosis and calcium supplementation rat models to isolate and identify bone differential proteins. The bone proteins of different groups were compared by two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE) and mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS), and analyzed by gene ontology annotation, pathway enrichment and interaction networks. The 17 proteins were identified in the fluorosis group (F) and the fluorosis calcium supplement group (F+Ca), including type I collagen (Col1a1), actin (Actb), protein glutamine transferase 2 (Tgm2), compared with the control group (C). These differential proteins are enriched in 38 bone metabolic pathways such as focal adhesion, PI3K-Akt signaling pathway, and AMPK signaling pathway. And the functions of these proteins are mainly related to cytoskeleton, energy metabolism, substance transport, ion channel, and apoptosis. Therefore, it is speculated that calcium may alleviate the fluoride-induced bone damage by regulating the focal adhesion, PI3K-Akt, AMPK and other signaling pathway, but the specific mechanism needs further research.
Animals ; Calcium ; Dietary Supplements ; Fluoride Poisoning ; Fluorosis, Dental ; Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases ; Rats

Dual-energy computed tomography (CT) reconstruction imaging technology is an important development direction in the field of CT imaging. The mainstream model of dual-energy CT reconstruction algorithm is the basis material decomposition model, and the projection decomposition is the crucial technique. The projection decomposition algorithm based on projection matching was a general method. With establishing the energy spectrum lookup table, we can obtain the stable solution by the least squares matching method. But the computation cost will increase dramatically when size of lookup table enlarges and it will slow down the computer. In this paper, an acceleration algorithm based on projection matching is proposed. The proposed algorithm makes use of linear equations and plane equations to fit the lookup table data, so that the projection value of the decomposition coefficients can be calculated quickly. As the result of simulation experiment, the acceleration algorithm can greatly shorten the running time of the program to get the stable and correct solution.

OBJECTIVE：To compar e the absorpt ion characteristics of gastrodin ，parishin A ，parishin B and parishin C of Gastrodia elata powder，and to explore the effect of particle size on intestinal absorption of above components. METHODS ：Based on everted intestinal sac model ，using accumulative absorption amount （Q）and absorption rate constant （Ka）as indexes ，UPLC-MS/MS method was used to determine the absorption of gastrodin ，parishin A ，parishin B and parishin C from different doses （2.5，5，10 g/L） of G. elata powder with different particle sizes （fine powder 146 μm，superfine powder 52 μm，ultrafine powder 37 μm）in different segments（duodenum，jejunum，ileum and colon ）. RESULTS ：Q and Ka of gastrodin and parishin B （intestinal segment ），Q（colon） and Ka（ileum and colon ）of parishin C in 2.5 g/L G. elata superfine powder ；Q and Ka of gastrodin （intestinal segment ），Q and Ka of parishin B （duodenum，jejunum，ileum）and Ka of parishin C （colon）in 2.5 g/L G. elata ultrafine powder ；Q of gastrodin （duodenum），Q of parishin A and parishin B （intestinal segment ）and Q of parishin C （duodenum，jejunum）in 5 g/L G. elata superfine powder ；Q（duodenum jejunum ，colon）and Ka（intestinal segment ）of gastrodin ，Q of parishin B （duodenum，ileum and colon）and Q of parishin C （duodenum，ileum）in 5 g/L G. elata ultrafine powder ；Q and Ka of parishin B （jejunum，ileum），Q of parishin C （jejunum，ileum）in 10 g/L G. elata superfine powder as well as Q（colon）and Ka（duodenum）of gastrodin ，Q （duodenum，ileum，colon）and Ka（duodenum，colon）of parishin B ，Q（duodenum，ileum）and Ka（duodenum）of parishin C in 10 g/L G. elata ultrafine powder were all increased significantly ，compared with the same dose of G. elata fine powder （P＜0.05 or P＜0.01）. Ka of parishin A （jejunum）and Q of parishin C （duodenum）in 2.5 g/L G. elata superfine powder ；Ka of parishin A （jejunum，ileum）， Q and Ka of parishin C （duodenum，jejunum）in 2.5 g/L G. elata ultrafine powder ；Ka of gastrodin （jejunum，ileum and colon ），Ka of parishin A （colon），Ka of parishin B （ileum）and Ka of parishin C （jejunum，ileum）in 5 g/L G. elata superfine powder ；Ka of gastrodin and parishin C （jejunum，ileum and colon ），Q（jejunum，colon）and Ka（colon）of parishin A ，Ka of parishin B （jejunum，ileum）in 5 g/L G. elata ultrafine powder ；Q and Ka of parishin A （ileum）in 10 g/L G. elata superfine powder ；Q（duodenum）and Ka（jejunum） of parishin A ，Ka of parishin C （jejunum）in 10 g/L G. elata ultrafine powder were decreased significantly ，compared with the same dose of G. elata fine powder （P＜0.05 or P＜0.01）. Q of gastrodin （colon），Q（colon）and Ka（ileum，colon）of parishin A ，Q and Ka of parishin B （jejunum，colon），Q and Ka of parishin C （ileum，colon）in 2.5 g/L G. elata fine powder ；Q and Ka of gastrodin （colon），Q（ileum，colon）and Ka（jejunum，ileum，colon）of parishin A ，Ka of parishin C （colon）in 2.5 g/L G. elata superfine powder；Q（colon）and Ka（jejunum，ileum，colon）of parishin A and C ，Q and Ka（ileum，colon）of parishin B in 2.5 g/L G. elata ultrafine powder ；Q and Ka of gastrodin ，parishin A and C （colon），Ka of parishin B （colon）in 5 g/L G. elata fine powder ；Q and Ka of gastrodin and parishin A （colon），Q and Ka of parishin C （jejunum，ileum，colon）in 5 g/L G. elata superfine powder ；Q and Ka of gastrodin（ileum，colon），Q of parishin A （jejunum，ileum，colon），Q and Ka of parishin B （jejunum，colon），Q（jejunum，colon） and Ka（jejunum，ileum，colon）of parishin C in 5 g/L G. elata ultrafine powder ；Q of gastrodin （colon），Q and Ka of parishin A ，B and C （jejunum，ileum，colon）in 10 g/L G. el ata fine powder ；Q of gastrodin （colon），Q and Ka of parishin A and C （jejunum， ileum，colon），Q and Ka of parishin B （colon）in 10 g/L G. elata superfine powder ；Q（colon）and Ka（jejunum，ileum，colon）of gastrodin，Q and Ka of parishin A and C （jejunum，ileum，colon），Q（jejunum，ileum，colon）and Ka（ileum，colon）of parishin B in 10 g/L G. elata ultrafine powder were decreased significantly ，compared with duodeum of the same group （P＜0.05）. Q and Ka of gastrodin（jejunum）in 2.5 g/L G. elata superfine pow