Objective To com pare the concentration of teeth DNA extracted by three different pretreatm ent m ethods and to explore a sim ple, econom ical and practical pretreatm ent m ethod w ith high concentration of extracted DNA from teeth. Methods A total num ber of 21 m olars w ere collected from 7 corpses. The pretreatm ent of 3 m olars from each individual w as random ly perform ed by tooth crum b m ethod, ball-m illing m ethod and liquid nitrogen m illing m ethod and 50 m g tooth crum b w as w eight and DNA w as extracted by A utoM ate ExpressTM forensic DNA extraction system . Subsequently, the concentration of DNA and corresponding STR genotyping of three m ethods w ere com pared. Results The DNA concentration extracted by tooth crum b m ethod, ball-m illing m ethod and liquid nitrogen m illing m ethod w as 0.055 6-1.989 1 ng/μL , 0.036 6-1.175 6 ng/μL and 0.037 8-1.249 0 ng/μL , respectively. The DNA concentration ob-tained by tooth crum b m ethod w as higher (P<0.05) and the success rate of STR genotyping w as high. Conclusion C om bined w ith A utoM ate ExpressTM forensic DNA extraction system , tooth crum b m ethod is an efficient and feasible m ethod to extract DNA from teeth, w hich can be applied in forensic practice.

Objective To determine the genetic polymorphism of 24 Y-STR loci haplotype and investigate its application value in legal physical evidence.Methods AGCU Y24 kit and 3130xl Genetic Analyzer were used to detect the distribution of 24 Y-STR loci including DYS391,DYS389Ⅰ,DYS439,DYS389Ⅱ, DYS438, DYS643, DYS456, DYS458, DYS437, DYS635, DYS448, DYS527a/b, Y-GATA-H4, DYS447, DYS19,DYS392,DYS522,DYS393,DYS388,DYS390,DYS385a/b and DYS444in 154 unrelated individuals of Dongxiang ethnic minority males in Gansu province of China.Results A total number of 153 haplo-types were detected in 154 samples, the haplotype diversity was 0.9915 and the discrimination power was 0.9940.Conclusion The 24 Y-STR loci system has high haplotype diversity and discrimination power.

Objective To study the genetic relationship of the Y chromosomal short tandem repeat gene loci in Lanzhou Han population and other 25 populations .Methods The frequency of alleles of Y-STRloci was obtained from a sample of 500 unrelated individuals living in Lanzhou City , and other 25 populations in different areas collected from the published data were used to calculate the genetic similarity coefficient and genetic distance .Phylogenetic trees based on the genetic distance were established .Results Populations of Lanzhou , Beijing, Shanxi and Inner Mongolia were in an identical cluster .Compared with minorities , the genetic distance between Lanzhou Han population and Inner Mongolia Mongolian population was dramatically smaller from other subpopulations .The populations in Malays and Indians were far from the other groups .Conclusion The Y-STR gene frequency distribution in 26 populations has identified differentiation in race, clime and evolution, and it is basically identical with the classification of human races which is similar to or according with other molecular anthropology research conclusions .

Objective To investigate the characteristics of walking ability of the amputees with unilateral transfemoral prosthesis. Methods 16 unilateral transfemoral amputees (patients) and 16 healthy adults (controls) were tested with 6-minute walking test indoor, 1000 m walking outdoor on various terrain, balance test and energy expenditure test. Results The speed, frequency and stride length were significantly less in the patients than in the controls (P<0.05) in the indoor 6-minute walking test, and the cycle of gait and energy expenditure were significantly more (P<0.05); single support time, double and single/double support time were different (P<0.05). In balance tests, there was no significant difference in the total track length, confidence ellipse area, maximum horizontal deviation and maximum vertical deviation between the patients and the controls (P>0.05). There were significant differences in time and energy expenditure of outdoor 1000 m walk test between two groups (P<0.05). There were significant differences in time of outdoor 1000 m walk test and distance of indoor walking test between amputees wearing mechanical four-link prosthetic knee joint and fluid control prosthetic knee joint (P<0.05), but not in energy expenditure of indoor and outdoor walking test. Conclusion The amputees with unilateral transfemoral prosthesis appear the inefficient in gait, and expend more energy. Their balance remains well. The transfemoral prosthesis the amputees wore may impact their walking ability.

Objective To investigate the effects of different doses of remifentanil on learning and memory ability,the expression of hippocampal tissue phosphorylation of cAMP response element binding protein (p-CREB)in developing rats.Methods A total of 72 Sprague-Dawley rats (1 9-23 g) were randomly divided into 4 groups (n =18 each):Group C:normal saline control group;R1,R2, R3 group received continuous intraperitoneal remifentanil 1,5,10 μg·kg-1 ·min-1 for 2 hours re-spectively.Both total volume of remifentanil and saline were 2 ml.The SpO 2 and pulse rates were mo-nitored during the experiment.Step-down test was used to evaluate the learning and memory ability, while Western blot analysis was performed to measure the expression of hippocampal p-CREB protein in 4 h,24 h,1 week when the rats were awake.Results Compared with group C,group R1 and R2, pulse rates of group R3 decreased significantly (P <0.05 ),but the changes of SpO 2 in each group were not statistically significant.At 4 h point:compared with group C and group R1,the error times in step-down test were increased in both group R2 and R3,the latencies were shortened (P <0.05);Compared with group R2,the error times were increased in group R3,latency was shortened (P <0.05).At 24 h point,compared with group C and group R1,the error times were increased in group R2,R3,latencies were shortened (P < 0.05 );Compared with group R2,the error times were in-creased in group R3,latency was shortened (P <0.05 ).The error times and latency of each group had not statistical significance in one week.At 4 h point,the expression of p-CREB protein in hippo-campus of group R3 downregulated compared with group C and group R1,R2,respectively (P <0.05).At 24 h point,the expression of p-CREB protein in hippocampus of group R2,R3 decreased compared with group C and group R1 respectively(P <0.05);The expression of p-CREB protein in each group had no statistical significance in one week.Conclusion 5-10 μg · kg-1 · min-1 dose of remifentanil can result in a decline of learning and memory ability in the developing rats in short-term,and the mechanism may relate to the inhibition of p-CREB protein expression in hippocampus.

Phenolic acids of rhizosphere soil of Panax notoginseng were identified and the contents were determined. HPLC-MS and HPLC were used. Compared with the literature and standard reference, identification and content de-termination were given on phenolic acids of rhizosphere soil of Panax notoginseng in Wenshan, Yunnan province. The results showed that six types of phenolic acids were detected from the extract of rhizosphere soil of Panax notogin-seng, which were p-hydroxybenzoic acid, vanillic acid, syringic acid, p-coumaric acid, ferulic acid and benzoic acid. The content of p-coumaric acid showed the highest concentration of 24.01 μg·g-1, while syringic acid had the lowest concentration of 1.26 μg·g-1. The sequence of content in the rhizosphere soil of Panax notoginseng from top to bot-tom was p-coumaric acid, vanillic acid, benzoic acid, p-hydroxybenzoic acid, ferulic acid and syringic acid. It was concluded that the rhizosphere soil of Panax notoginseng contained six types of phenolic acids, which were p-hy-droxybenzoic acid, vanillic acid, syringic acid, p-coumaric acid, ferulic acid and benzoic acid.

Objective To study the tumor targeting ability and application of farnesylthiosalicylic Acid (FTS) and heptamethine carbocyanine fluorescent dye-mediated near-infrared imagine in living animals, and confirm the inhibitory effect of this compound on growth of tumor cells.Methods Human breast cancer cell line MCF-7, glioma cell line U251 and prostate cancer cell line PC3 were cultured to logarithmic growth phase, and different concentrations of FTS and FTS-IR783 were added, respectively.We observed the inhibitory effect of those two compounds on the growth of tumor cells.Under fluorescence microscopy, specific accumulation of FTS-IR783 in these tumor cells was observed.The tumor cells (1×106) were transplanted subcutaneously into nude mice.These mice were subjected to intraperitoneal injection of FTS-IR783 (10 nmol/mouse) two weeks later.In the in vivo imaging, near infrared fluorescence signal and tumor volume were measured and their correlation was analyzed.Results Compared with FTS, FTS-IR783 significantly inhibited the growth of MCF-7, U251 and PC3 cells in vitro.FTS-IR783 was specifically uptaken by these three kinds of tumor cells, showing strong near infrared fluorescence in cell agglomerates.After subcutaneous injection of FTS-IR783, the correlation between fluorescence intensity and tumor volume was 0.987, 0.998 and 0.971, respectively.Conclusions The compound of FTS conjugated with near infrared fluorescent dye IR-783 can specifically recognize tumor cells, in both in vitro and in vivo imaging.At the same time, the compound can significantly inhibit the growth of tumor cells, and may be expected to become a new potential targeted drug.

Objective To establish a method based on 3D printing radiology equivalent phantom for individual radiotherapy dose verification,and to offer an assurance for the safety of 3D conformal radiotherapy.Methods Two patients' CT data was collected,reconstructing the first patient's skull and brain tissue to generate a skull-brain phantom for the purpose of testing the equivalent material.The second patient's data was used for whole head tissue reconstruction to produce a head phantom with equivalent material.By inserting ionization chamber dosimeters to target region for radiotherapy program,equivalent phantom dose distribution of lesions location was obtained in order to verify and calibrate the actual radiation treatment planning for patients.Results DR,CT images of the phantoms revealed that the difference of X-ray gray value between brain skull phantom and patient's skull was 13 721,CT value difference between equivalent tissue of brain skull phantom and that part of the patient was 35-40 HU,and CT difference between head phantom temporalis and that of the patient tissue was 18-28 HU.The imaging data indicated that the radiation equivalence of 3D printing phantom was similar to that of human body tissue,and the equivalent dose distribution accorded well with the normal range of treatment.The dose verification of phantom model can effectively improve the accuracy of the radiotherapy system.Conclusions The personalized radiotherapy phantom which based on the 3D printing and tissue equivalent technology is suitable for personalized radiation therapy validation.With advantages of easy accessibility,highly-personalized degree and high precision,this technology provides a reliable and safe way for radiation therapy.

Objective:To observe the effects of different moxibustion time on cartilage morphology,tumor necrosis factor(TNF)-α and interleukin(IL)-10 of the knee joint in rats with knee osteoarthritis(KOA),and to explore the best treatment time of moxibustion for KOA.Methods:Healthy male Wistar rats were randomly divided into a blank group,a model group,a 15-minute-moxibustion group,a 30-minute-moxibustion group,and a 60-minute-moxibustion group,with 10 rats in each group.Except for the blank group,the KOA model was established in all groups by injecting sodium iodoacetate solution into the knee joint cavity of rats.Rats in the 15-minute-moxibustion group,the 30-minute-moxibustion group,and the 60-minute-moxibustion group were all treated with mild moxibustion intervention for 15 min,30 min,and 60 min,respectively at Neixiyan(EX-LE4)and Dubi(ST35)points near the patella,3 times a week for 4 weeks,12 times in total.Rats in the blank group and the model group were fixed for 30 min without moxibustion intervention.Macroscopic observation for the smoothness of knee cartilage surface was performed after the intervention.Hematoxylin-eosin staining,toluidine blue staining,and Mankin score were used to evaluate the pathological changes in the cartilage.The expression levels of TNF-α and IL-10 in the serum were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.Results:Compared with the blank group,the articular cartilage surface in the model group was rough,the chondrocyte arrangement was irregular,the Mankin score and the serum TNF-α expression were significantly increased(P＜0.05),while the expression of serum IL-10 was significantly decreased(P＜0.05).Compared with the model group,the articular cartilage surface was smoother,the chondrocytes were arranged neatly,the Mankin score and serum TNF-α expression level were significantly lower in the three moxibustion intervention groups(P＜0.05);the serum IL-10 level in the 30-minute-moxibustion group and the 60-minute-moxibustion group was increased significantly(P＜0.05).Compared with the 15-minute-moxibustion group,the articular cartilage surface in the 30-minute-moxibustion group and the 60-minute-moxibustion group was smoother,the chondrocyte arrangement was more regular,the Mankin score and the serum TNF-α level were decreased significantly(P＜0.05),and the serum IL-10 level was increased(P＜0.05).There was no significant difference in the serum TNF-α or IL-10 level between the 30-minute-moxibustion group and the 60-minute-moxibustion group(P＞0.05).Conclusion:Moxibustion can obviously improve the morphology and structure of KOA articular cartilage,protect articular cartilage,inhibit cartilage inflammation,and delay KOA cartilage degeneration.Moxibustion's effect is closely related to moxibustion time;the therapeutic effect of the 30-minute-moxibustion and the 60-minute-moxibustion is better than that of the 15-minute-moxibustion.

Objective To analyze basic data and outcomes in Chengdu Stroke Registry.Methods The stroke patients consecutively admitted to Department of Neurology,West China Hospital,Sichuan University since March 1,2002 were prospectively registered.The baseline demographic,risk factors,treatment,and outcome data was recorded with standardized stroke register form by trained specialists.The patients were followed up at seven days,one,three,six months and one year after onset of the stroke for death and disability.Results A total of 3123 consecutive patients were registered between March 1,2002 and August 31,2006,of which 65.5％ came from urban areas and 34.5％ from rural areas.The age was (63.05 ± 17.98) years old and male accounted for 60.3％.Ninety-seven percent (3028/3123) of patients completed CT or MRI scanning during hospitalization.A total of 1804 patients were included between March 2002 and September 2004,of which ischemic stroke accounted for 62.1％ (1120/1804),intracranial hemorrhage 28.4％ (513/1804),subarachnoid hemorrhage 4.0％ (72/1804) and TIA 5.5％ (99/1804).The median NIHSS score on admission was 8(3-15) points in patients with cerebral hemorrhage,and 5(2-10) points in patients with ischemic stroke.Compared with the patients with intracranial hemorrhage,patients with ischemic stroke more frequently had a history of diabetes (OR =2.427,95％ CI 1.811- 3.253,P=0.000),atrial fibrillation (OR=6.121,95％ CI3.535-10.60,P=0.000),coronary heart disease (OR=4.144,95％ CI 2.944-5.832,P =0.000) and TIA (OR=4.342,95％ CI 1.726-10.92,P =0.001 ),and less alcohol consumption ( OR =0.740,95％ CI 0.611-0.896,P =0.002 ).The proportion of in-hospital treatments were thrombolysis 0.9％,anti-platelet therapy 83.0％,mannitol 23.5％,neuroprotective agents (citicoline) 68.1％,and Chinese herbal medicine 89.7％.Case fatality rate was 10.7％ and 13.9％ respectively at 7 days and one month for patients with intracranial hemorrhage,3.0％ and 5.2％ respectively for ischemic stroke.Death or disability was 40.4％,40.3％ and 38.9％ in patients with intracranial hemorrhage and 37.1％,35.0％ and 33.4％ for ischemic stroke at the end of 3,6,12 months respectively.Conclusions Our stroke registry is featured with the largest sample,and the longest period of consecutively registration.It provides an important platform for clinical investigation of stroke.Our study suggested case fatality and disability is lower in this group than in other ethics.Above features should be considered in design of future clinical trials in China.