Muscle strength training plays an important role in improving limb movement function, preventing muscle atrophy and promoting muscle function recovery in patients with various bone and joint diseases. The sports function of elbow joint is closely related to people's daily life activity ability. At present, Chinese muscle strength training devices are depended on import. Therefore, it is of great significance to develop muscle strength training devices. Based on the concepts and characteristics of isometric training, isotonic training, passive training and isokinetic training, in the upper computer, the servo driver and servo motor are controlled through the LabView interface, and the real-time torque is detected by the torque sensor, realizing four training modes. The main parameters of the multi-mode elbow joint muscle strength training device meet the requirements, and the trainers have a good experience.
Elbow Joint ; physiology ; Humans ; Muscle Strength ; Muscle, Skeletal ; Resistance Training ; Torque

Pruni Semen,the seed of several unique Prunus plants,is a traditional purgative herbal material.To determine the authentic sources of Pruni Semen,46 samples from four species were collected and analyzed.Ten compounds including multiflorin A(Mul A),a notable purative compound,were isolated and identified by chemical separation and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy.Seventy-six communal components were identified by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography with linear ion trap-quadrupole Orbitrap mass spectrometry,and acetyl flavonoid glycosides were recognized as characteristic constituents.The flavonoids were distributed in the seed coat and cyanogenic glycosides in the kernel.Based on this,methods for identifying Pruni Semen from different sources were established using chemical fingerprinting,quantitative analysis of the eight principal compounds,hierarchical cluster analysis,principal component analysis,and orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis.The results showed that the samples were divided into two categories:one is the small seeds from Prunus humilis(Ph)and Prunus japonica(Pj),and the other is the big seeds from Prunus pedunculata(Pp)and Prunus triloba(Pt).The average content of Mul A was 3.02.6.93,0.40,and 0.29 mg/g,while the average content of amygdalin was 18.5,17.7,31.5,and 30.9 mg/g in Ph,Pj,Pp,and Pt,respectively.All the above information suggests that small seeds might be superior sources of Pruni Semen.This is the first comprehensive report on the identification of chemical components in Pruni Semen from different species.

Objective:To explore the influence of Internet diversified rehabilitation medicine education on self-efficacy and quality of life in newly diagnosed breast cancer patients.Methods:A prospective study was performed in 130 newly diagnosed breast cancer patients admitted to Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University from February 2020 to February 2021. According to the method of randomly number table, these patients were divided into control group and intervention group, 65 cases in each group.The control group was treated with routine treatment scheme, and the intervention group added the intervention of Internet diversified education of rehabilitation medicine on the basis of routine treatment scheme. Compared the general data of the two groups, the General Self-Efficacy Scale (GSES) and the cancer patients′ Quality of Life Questionnaire-Core 30 (QLQ-C30) were used to compare the self-efficacy levels of the two groups before operation, 4 months and 8 months after operation, evaluate the quality of life. Measurement data were expressed as mean ± standard deviation ( ± s), and t-test was used for comparison between groups; Chi-square test was used for comparison of enumeration data between groups. Results:Before operation, there was no significant difference in general data, GSES score and QLQ-C30 score between the two groups ( P> 0.05). Four months after operation, GSES scores [(27.39±4.68) score vs (25.91±3.18)score], somatic function [(65.50±4.34) score vs (63.07±5.42) score], cognitive function [(67.63±10.32) score vs (63.29 ± 11.36) score], role function [(50.82±10.80) score vs (45.59±13.94) score], and total quality of life [(63.47 ± 6.98) score vs (59.26±7.98)score] were compared between the intervention group and the control group, the difference was statistically significant ( P< 0.05). There was no significant difference in the scores of emotional function [(57.60±11.72) score vs (55.53±10.61) score] and social function [(49.86±12.11) score vs (46.13±10.25) score] ( P> 0.05). Eight months after operation, the GSES score [(28.82±3.31) score vs (26.73 ± 3.06) score] of patients in the intervention group and the control group, and the scores of functional areas and overall quality of life in QLQ-C30 score were significantly different ( P< 0.01). Conclusion:the Internet diversified rehabilitation medicine education has a significant effect on improving the self-efficacy of new breast cancer patients, and can improve the quality of life of patients.

Objective:To investigate the clinical efficacy of precise hepatectomy for the treatment of recurrent unilateral hepatolithiasis and prognostic factors.Methods:The retrospec-tive case-control study was conducted. The clinicopathological data of 166 patients with recurrent unilateral hepatolithiasis who were treated by precise hepatectomy in the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University from January 2015 to January 2021 were collected. There were 51 males and 115 females, aged (58±12)years. Observation indicators: (1)diagnosis and classification; (2) surgical and intraoperative situations; (3) postoperative situations; (4) follow-up; (5) analysis of prognostic factors. Follow-up was conducted using the outpatient examination and telephone inter-view to detect final stone clearance or recurrence and survival of patients up to August 2021. Patients with T-tube were performed T-tube cholangiography or choledochoscopy to evaluate the final stone clearance rate at postoperative week 8. Measurement data with normal distribution were represented as Mean± SD, and measurement data with skewed distribution were represented as M(range). Count data were described as absolute numbers or percentages. Univariate and multi-variate analyses were conducted using the Logistic regression model. Results:(1) Diagnosis and classifica-tion: 166 patients were diagnosed as hepatolithiasis by preoperative imaging examination and intraoperative evaluation, including 134 cases with common bile duct stones. Of the 166 patients, 115 cases had stones located in the left lobe of liver and 51 cases had stones located in the right lobe of liver. There were 111 cases with bile pigment stones, 31 cases with cholesterol stones, 24 cases with mixed type of stones. There were 9 cases classified as Tsunoda type Ⅰ, 89 cases as Tsunoda type Ⅱ, 65 cases as Tsunoda type Ⅲ, 3 cases as Tsunoda type Ⅳ. There were 12 cases classified as type Ⅰ, 99 cases as type Ⅱ, 47 cases as type Ⅲ, 8 cases as type Ⅳ according to Japanese classification in 2001. All the 166 patients were classified as type Ⅰ based on Chinese classification. According to the classification of author team, 166 patients were classified as type Ⅱ. (2) Surgical and intra-operative situations: 119 of 166 patients had liver lobe or segment atrophy. All the 166 patients underwent precise hepatectomy combined with different methods of drainage, of which 28 cases underwent left hemihepatectomy, 11 cases underwent right hemihepatectomy, 1 case underwent liver resection of segment Ⅰ, 5 cases underwent liver resection of segment Ⅱ, 5 cases underwent liver resection of segment Ⅲ, 8 cases underwent liver resection of segment Ⅳ (left medial lobe), 3 cases underwent liver resection of segment Ⅴ, 2 cases underwent liver resection of segment Ⅵ, 2 cases underwent liver resection of segment Ⅷ, 68 cases underwent liver resection of segment Ⅱ and Ⅲ (left lateral lobe), 3 cases underwent liver resection of segment Ⅴ and Ⅵ, 6 cases underwent liver resection of segment Ⅴ and Ⅷ (right anterior lobe), 21 cases underwent liver resection of segment Ⅵ and Ⅶ (right posterior lobe), 1 case underwent liver resection of segment Ⅱ, Ⅲ and Ⅳa, 1 case underwent liver resection of segment Ⅴ, Ⅵ and Ⅶ, 1 case underwent liver resection of segment Ⅰ, Ⅱ, Ⅲ and Ⅳ. For biliary drainage methods of 166 patients, 120 patients received T-tube external drainage, 23 cases received choledochojejunostomy, 23 cases received choledochojejunostomy combined with T-tube external drainage. The original cholangiojejunal anastomotic stenosis was found and reconstructed in 10 patients. The operation time was (258±87)minutes and intraopera-tive blood transfusion rate was 16.87%(28/166) of 166 patients. All the 166 patients underwent fiber choledochoscopy, showing 77 cases with normal function of Oddi sphincter, 38 cases with disorder, 40 cases with dysfunction. There were 11 patients undergoing choledochojejunostomy who were not evaluate the function of Oddi sphincter. There were 21.69%(36/166)of patients with intra-hepatic biliary stricture. One hundred and forty-nine of 166 patients were conducted bile culture, showing the positive rate as 75.17%(112/149). There were 22 cases cultured multiple kinds of bacteria. The most common bacterium was Escherichia coli (43 cases), followed by Pseudomonas aeruginosa (12 cases), Klebsiella pneumoniae (9 cases), Klebsiella oxytoca (7 cases), Enterococcus faecium (7 cases). (3) Postoperative situations. The postoperative complication rate of 166 patients was 16.87%(28/166). In the 8 patients with serious complications of Clavien-Dindo grade Ⅲ, 6 cases were performed thoracocentesis or abdominocentesis for effusion, 1 case was stopped bleeding under gastroscopy for stress ulcerbleeding, 1 case was performed surgery for adhesive intestinal obstruction. Two patients with septic shock of Clavien-Dindo grade Ⅳ were converted to intensive care unit for treatment and discharged after recovery. There were 13 patients with biliary leakage, 10 patients with pulmonary infection, 6 cases with incision infection, which were improved after conservative treatments. There was no perioperative death. The instant stone clearance rate of 166 patients was 81.93%(136/166). The duration of postoperative hospital stay of 166 patients was (11±6)days. (4) Follow-up: 166 patients were followed up for (37±17)months. The final stone clearance rate and stone recurrence rate of 166 patients were 94.58%(157/166) and 16.87%(28/166), respectively. According to Terblanche classification of prognosis, there were 91, 36, 25, 14 cases of grade Ⅰ, Ⅱ, Ⅲ, Ⅳ in 166 patients, respectively. Five of the 166 patients underwent intrahepatic secondary malignancy in which 4 cases died. (5) Analysis of prognostic factors: results of univariate analysis showed that biliary culture, the number of previous surgeries, immediate stone clearance, final stone clearance were related factors affecting the prognosis of precise hepatectomy in patients with recurrent unilateral hepatolithiasis ( odds ratio=2.29, 7.48, 2.69, 4.52, 95% confidence interval as 1.09?4.85, 2.80?19.93, 1.16?6.25, 1.15?17.77, P<0.05). Results of multivariate analysis showed that the number of previous surgeries ≥3 was an independent risk factor affecting the prognosis of precise hepatectomy in patients with recurrent unilateral hepato-lithiasis ( odds ratio=6.05, 95% confidence interval as 2.20?16.62, P<0.05). Conclusions:Precise hepatectomy is safe and effective for the treatment of patients with recurrent unilateral hepato-lithiasis. The number of previous surgeries ≥3 is an independent risk factor affecting the prognosis of precise hepatectomy in patients with recurren t unilateral hepatolithiasis.

Objective:To investigate the effect of optimizing perioperative measures on reducing postoperative gastric emptying disorder in gastrointestinal reconstruction after pancreaticoduodenectomy.Methods:The clinical data of 146 patients who underwent pancreaticoduodenectomy from Jan 2019 to Dec 2020 at the Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery,the First Affiliated Hospital ,Anhui Medical University were analyzed retrospectively. Among them, 78 cases underwent traditional Billroth Ⅱ gastrojejunal anastomosis for gastrointestinal reconstruction, and 68 cases in the improvement group took optimization measures. The time to first postoperative flatus, time to oral intake, postoperative hospital stay and complications were observed.Results:The operation time in the control group was (351.4±71.6) min, less than that in the improved group (368.8±97.6) min, while the time [(9.9±6.5)d vs. (7.6±6.0)d] to first oral take and postoperative hospital stay [(20.7±8.6)d vs. (17.9±7.0)d] were significantly longer than those in the improved group. The incidence of postoperative gastric emptying disorder (19.2% vs. 7.4%) was significantly higher than that in the improved group ( P<0.05). There was no significant difference in postoperative time to first flatus and postoperative gastrointestinal bleeding between the two groups (all P>0.05). Conclusions:The measures of optimizing gastrointestinal reconstruction in the perioperative period of pancreaticoduodenectomy have obvious advantages in reducing gastric emptying disorder, promoting the recovery of gastrointestinal function and shortening the length of hospital stay.

ObjectiveTo determine the therapeutic effect of Gegentang granules on a disease-syndrome mouse model combining human coronavirus 229E （hCoV-229E） pneumonia with Hanshi Yidu Xifei syndrome in vivo. MethodMice were randomly divided into normal group， infection group， cold-dampness group， model group， chloroquine phosphate group （0.18 g·kg^-1）， interferon-α2b （IFN-α2b） group （1.83×10⁶ U·kg^-1）， Gegentang granules high-dose and low-dose groups （6.6， 3.3 g·kg^-1） with 10 mice in each group. Cold-dampness environment and hCoV-229E infection were used for modeling， and the general status and lung index of mice in each group were observed. The viral load in lung tissue was detected by real-time fluorescent quantitative polymerase chain reaction （Real-time PCR）， the pathological changes in lung tissue were evaluated by hematoxylin-eosin （HE） staining， the levels of serum gastrointestinal hormones and inflammatory factors in lung tissue were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay （ELISA）， and the percentage of peripheral blood lymphocytes was detected by flow cytometry. ResultComparing with model group， Gegentang granules could significantly alleviate the physical signs of Hanshi Yidu Xifei syndrome， including listlessness， weakness of limbs， sticky stool， etc. Comparing with model group， Gegentang granules high-dose group significantly reduced lung index， histopathological score of interstitial lung and bronchus， and the level of serum motilin （P<0.05， P<0.01）， two doses of Gegentang granules could significantly increase the level of serum gastrin （P<0.05， P<0.01）， the percentage of CD4⁺， CD8⁺ T lymphocytes in peripheral blood （P<0.05， P<0.01）， and the level of tumor necrosis factor-α （TNF-α） in lung tissue was significantly decreased （P<0.01）， and the level of interleukin-6 （IL-6） showed decreasing tendency. ConclusionGegentang granules has therapeutic effect on model mice. It can improve the appearance and behavior characterization， regulate the level of gastrointestinal hormones， decrease lung index and histopathological score， and possibly play an immunomodulatory role by inhibiting the expression of inflammatory cytokines in lung tissue and restoring the percentage of peripheral blood lymphocytes.

ObjectiveTo explore host factors interacting with influenza virus nucleoprotein （NP） and study their effects on influenza virus replication， as well as the mechanism of gardenia jasminoides iridoid glycoside （IGE） in inhibiting influenza virus. MethodA yeast two-hybrid system was utilized to screen host factors that interacted with influenza virus NP. Heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein D0 （HNRNPD）， glucosamine-6-phosphate deaminase 1 （GNPDA1）， poly（rC）-binding protein 1 （PCBP1）， and protein inhibitor of activated signal transducer and activator of transcription （STAT） protein 1 （PIAS1） were validated by immunoprecipitation assay. The effects of PIAS1 and HNRNPD on influenza virus replication were compared by a dual luciferase assay， and the effects of IGE on influenza virus replication were examined in the presence of transfected ribonucleoprotein （RNP） and knockdown of PIAS1. ICR mice were randomly divided into a normal group， model group， oseltamivir phosphate group， and high， medium， and low dose IGE groups， with 10 mice in each group. In addition to the normal group， each group was infected with the influenza A virus FM1 strain by nasal drip to establish a viral pneumonia model. The high， medium， and low dose IGE groups were given drugs of 50， 25， and 12.5 mg∙kg^-1 by gavage， and the oseltamivir phosphate group was given the drug of 27.5 mg∙kg^-1 by gavage. Equal amounts of distilled water were instilled in the normal and model groups for four consecutive days. Later， protein expression of PIAS1， NP， phosphorylated （p）-STAT3， STAT3， p-STAT1， and STAT1 were detected in the lung tissue by Western blot. ResultIn yeast two-hybrid assays， 16 potential host targets interacting with influenza virus NP were identified. Immunoprecipitation experiments revealed that HNRNPD and PIAS1 could interact with influenza virus NP. The dual luciferase reporter assays found that both PIAS1 knockdown and overexpression significantly affected IAV RNP activity （P<0.05， P<0.01）， and the effect of HNRNPD on IAV RNP was not significant. Both high and low dose IGE groups reduced influenza virus replication （P<0.05） and reversed the increase in influenza virus replication caused by the knockdown of PIAS1（P<0.05， P<0.01）. The expressions of PIAS1， NP， p-STAT3， p-STAT1， and STAT1 in the lung tissue of infected mice were reduced to different degrees in each IGE group （P<0.05， P<0.01）. ConclusionPIAS1 interacts with influenza virus NP and is able to inhibit influenza virus replication. IGE may exert antiviral effects by inhibiting the activity of IAV RNP through the PIAS1/STAT1 pathway.

ObjectiveTo investigate the pharmacological action and mechanism of Shuangshenling granules in treating chronic renal failure in rats，providing laboratory data to support clinical application of Shuangshenling granules. MethodSD rats （150-180 g），half males and half females in number，were used，with ten rats designated as the normal group，ten as the sham operation group，and the remaining rats undergoing chronic renal failure modeling induced by 5/6 nephrectomy. Two weeks after operation，serum creatinine （SCr） and blood urea nitrogen （BUN） levels were measured via orbital blood sampling to select successful model rats. Based on SCr values，the rats were evenly divided into the model group，Shenshuaining positive group （0.84 g·kg^-1·d^-1），and high，medium，and low dose groups of Shuangshenling granules （4.8，2.4，1.2 g·kg^-1·d^-1），with ten animals in each group. Each treatment group received drugs at 10 mL·kg^-1 via intragastric administration once daily for six weeks. At 2，4，6 weeks after administration，SCr，BUN，24-hour urine volume，total urinary protein （UTP），urinary creatinine （UCr），creatinine clearance rate （CCr），serum albumin （SAlb），and total serum protein （STP） were measured. Following the experiment，kidney tissues were dissected for pathological examination. The expression levels of autophagy-related proteins，including PTEN-induced kinase 1 （PINK1），E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase parkin （Parkin），and microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3B （LC3B），were detected by immunofluorescence. ResultCompared with the normal group，the model group exhibited significantly increased levels of SCr，BUN，24-hour urine volume，UTP，and UCr （P<0.01），and decreased levels of SAlb and STP （P<0.01）. CCr showed an initial increase followed by a decrease. Histopathological results revealed glomerular hyperplasia and atrophy，with varying degrees of mesangial cell reduction，blood stasis in the glomeruli，and significant widening of Bowman's capsule. Visceral parietal layer cells were displaced or absent，leading to incomplete and damaged glomeruli. A large number of protein casts were present in the proximal and distal convoluted tubules，with reduced and displaced cells，swelling in some tubules，and interstitial inflammatory exudation predominantly comprising lymphocytes and a small number of neutrophils. Compared with the model group，all dose groups of Shuangshenling granules significantly reduced levels of SCr，BUN，24-hour urine volume，UTP，and UCr （P<0.05，P<0.01） and increased SAlb and STP levels （P<0.01） at 2，4，and 6 weeks after administration. The three dose groups also improved CCr and alleviated renal pathological injury in varying degrees at 2-6 weeks after administration. Immunofluorescence results showed that the expression levels of PINK1，Parkin，and LC3B were significantly reduced in the model group compared with the normal group，whereas all dose groups of Shuangshenling granules significantly upregulated the expression levels of PINK1，Parkin，and LC3B compared with the model group. ConclusionShuangshenling granules significantly improved renal function and pathological injury in rats with chronic renal failure，likely through the upregulation of PINK1-mediated autophagy.

Shufeng Jiedu capsules， a Chinese patent medicine composed of Polygoni Cuspidati Rhizoma et Radix， Forsythiae Fructus， etc.， has shown positive effects in the clinical treatment of upper respiratory tract infections， pharyngitis， acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease （AECOPD）， and coronavirus disease 2019 （COVID-19）. The available evidence suggests that Shufeng Jiedu capsules can modulate the proportions of immune cells and the concentrations of inflammatory cytokines， thereby easing symptoms and enhancing cure rates. The existing reviews predominantly focus on the clinical applications of Shufeng Jiedu capsules， while the comprehensive review of the immunomodulatory effect of this medicine remains to be carried out. This review delineates the immune responses triggered by respiratory tract infections， and then summarizes the clinical application of Shufeng Jiedu capsules and its main chemical components. Principally， this review summarizes the immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory mechanisms， mainly focusing on various immune cells including macrophages， neutrophils， natural killer （NK） cells， and lymphocytes. In addition， this paper discusses the influences of Shufeng Jiedu capsules and its main chemical components on signaling pathways， secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines， and antibody production. In terms of innate immunity， the intervention effects of Shufeng Jiedu capsules are highlighted by its capacity to inhibit the activation of nuclear factor kappa-B （NF-κB） and interferon regulatory factor 3 （IRF3） pathways. Additionally， Shufeng Jiedu capsules have been shown to reduce the expression of microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 Ⅱ （LC3Ⅱ）， thereby suppressing the inflammation and autophagy of macrophages. Furthermore， the influence of this medicine extends to altering the proportions of neutrophils and nature killer（NK） cells. Regarding adaptive immunity， Shufeng Jiedu capsules can increase the proportion of T cells in peripheral blood and restore the balance of B cells. This review aims to provide directions for the further research and clinical application of Shufeng Jiedu capsules.

Objective: To investigate the effects of apoptotic bodies (ABs) derived from dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) on macrophage polarization and inflammation response in vivo. Methods : Human DPSCs were extracted, cultured and identified. Staurosporine was used to apoptosis induction and differential methods were performed for ABs identification. The in vitro cultured macrophages were divided into 3 groups: solvent control, lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and the LPS+ABs. The macrophages were stimulated with LPS to induce inflammation followed by ABs treatment. In the untreated group, macrophages were added with an equal amount of solvent. The specific uptake of ABs by macrophages, the expression level of CD206 and the levels of inflammatory cytokines were analyzed. The mouse models of cutaneous wounds and dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis were established, and the mice were randomly divided into 3 groups: the PBS-treated group, the DPSCs-treated group, and the ABs-treated group. The mice were injected with the same volume of PBS, DPSCs and ABs, respectively. The body weight, histological pathology, the expression levels of CD206 and cytokines, and the extent of tissue regeneration were measured. Results : DPSCs and ABs derived from DPSCs were successfully isolated and characterized. ABs could be taken up by macrophage. While lipopolysaccharide(LPS) induced production of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6), ABs significantly reduced the levels of these pro-inflammatory cytokines and increased the expression of transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) and CD206 (P < 0.01). In the cutaneous inflammatory wound model, the wound closure rate in mice intravenously injected with ABs was significantly accelerated (P < 0.05). The administration of ABs markedly reduced the pro-inflammatory factors levels and increased the CD206+ cell number. In the colitis model, treatment with ABs markedly reduced the loss in bodyweight (P < 0.05), recovered the colon length (P < 0.01), and significantly increased the CD206+ cell number. Conclusion DPSCs-derived ABs could enhance macrophage M2 polarization and attenuate inflammation. Therefore, ABs could be used as a promising cell replacement for inflammatory regulation and tissue regeneration.