Objective To establish a hemorrhagic retinal detachment (HRD) model for the study of the damage and treatment of HRD. Methods Fourteen rabbits (28 eyes) were divided into the HRD (12 eyes) and control (16 eyes) group randomly. Autologous anticoagulated blood (0.2 ml) was transvitreally injected into the rabbits′ subretinal space with a special glass micropipette in HRD group (12 eyes); while 0.2 ml saline with or without heparin sodium (2.5 U/ml) was respectively injected into subretinal space respectively of the rabbits in heparin saline control group (6 eyes) and saline control group (3 eyes); furthermore, another 2 control groups, i.e.,pseudo injection group (3 eyes, single retinal puncturing without subretinal injection) and normal group (4 eyes of 2 normal rabbits) were also set. The conditions of the occurrence and representation of the retinal detachment (RD) were observed and analysed by means of ophthalmoscopy, optical coherence tomography (OCT) and ultrasound A and (or) B scan examinations in the subsequent 28 days after the operation. Results After the operation, HRD occurred in all eyes of the rabbits in HRD group. The area of HRD extended from 10 to 12 disc diameter(DD). The obvious elevation of RD maintained to 14 days, and the residual subretinal hemorrhage was still observed till 28 days. The obvious RD of the rabbits in heparin saline and saline control group was only kept for no more than 12 hours. The retinal puncture hole in pseudo injection group disappeared 2 days after the operation, and there was no change in retina of rabbits in normal control group. Conclusion It is convenient, practical and effective to establish a HRD model by means of transvitreal subretinal injection of autologous anticoagulated blood.

Objective To investigate the correlations between occupational stress and care ability of nurses in operating room.Method Occupational stress scale and caring ability evaluation scale were used for the investigation among 180 nurses in 4 general hospitals in Beijing.Results Occupational stress scale (405.61±27.44) and nurses' operating ability (189.07±16.82) in the operating rooms were negatively correlated (P ＜0.05).The occupational stress was negatively correlated with caring ability of the nurses from the operating room.Conclusions Occupational stress of the nurses from the operating room is at the middle level.The care ability is low generally.The occupational stress of the nurses in the operating room is lower and the care ability is higher.Nurse manager can create good working environment,streathing human resource magement to reduce nurse's working stress,thus increase working quality.

ObjectiveTo measure the setup errors with infrared marker-based positioning system (IM-BPS) and electronic portal imaging device (EPID) for patients with esophageal carcinoma and lung cancer and investigate the accuracy and practicality of IM-BPS. MethodsFrom January 2007 to January 2008, 40 patients with esophageal carcinoma and 27 patients with lung cancer received three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy or intensity-modulated radiotherapy, setup errors during the treatment were measured with IM-BPS and EPID, and the data of setup errors were compared with paired t-test and agreement with x2-test. ResultsIt takes 10 - 12 mins to complete the validating for each patient by EPID) system, while IMBPS system only needs 2 -5 mins. The mean setup errors along x, y and z-axis for patients with esophageal carcinoma measured by IM-BPS and EPID were 3.49 mm, 3. 19 mm, 3.31 mm and 4. 03 mm, 3.41 mm, 3.43 mm, respectively. For the patients with lung cancer, the setup errors were 4. 23 mm, 3.51 mm, 3. 39mm and 4. 85 mm, 3. 53 mm, 3.74 mm, respectively. The difference of setup errors meanured by the two systems was within 1 mm for 65％ esophageal carcinoma patients ( x2 =51.09, P =0. 000), and 55％ lung cancer patients ( x2 =53. 35, P =0. 000).Conclusions The measurement results of setup errors for patients with esophageal carcinoma and lung cancer show that IM-BPS is mostly better than EPID. Though validating for patients can be measured accurately and be well quality controlled, IM-BPS is used easily because of macroscopic, homely,spare time and real-time monitoring.

Objective To compare the results of three dose verification solutions of esophageal carcinoma IMRT plans. Methods Seven esophageal carcinoma cases were planned with Pinnacle 8.0 h.The MATRIXX and Delta4 were chosen as the two-dimensional dosimetry and three-dimensional dosimetry.IMRT plans and Delta4 phantom plans were also recalculated by Monte Carlo. Gamma values were evaluated for MATRIXX and Delta4 with 3 mm/3% gamma criteria. For the comparison of Pinnacle, Delta4 and Monte gamma maps, the dose distribution in central plane, dose profiles and dose-volume histograms were used to evaluate the agreement. Results The gamma maps comparison show that with 3 mm/3% gamma criteria an over 98% pass ratio was obtained by MATRIXX measurement. A 94. 4% gamma pass ratio whicl.contains 4 fields gamma pass ratio lower than 90%, was obtained by Delta4 measurement. A 97.6% and 99. 8% gamma pass ratio was obtained between the Delta4 measurement and Monte Carlo simulation with 2 mm/2% and 3 mm/3% gamma criteria. The dose distribution in central plane and dose profiles from Pinnacle calculation were almost in agreement with both the Monte Carlo simulation and Delta4 measurement. The DVH plot have slightly differences between Pinnacle and Delta4 measurement as well as Pinnacle and Monte Carlo simulation, but have excellent agreement between Delta4 measurement and Monte Carlo simulation. Conclusions It was shown that all the three methods can be used very efficiently to verify esophageal carcinoma IMRT delivery, Delta4 and Monte Carlo simulation no data missed. The primary advantage of Delta4 is the fact it can measure true 3D dosimetry while Monte Carlo can simulate in patients CT images but not in phantom.

Objective To investigate the optimization of therapeutic regimen through the adjustment of the minimum sub-field area in intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) for cervical cancer,under the premise of no influence on the dose to target volume or organs at risk.Methods A total of 12 patients with pathologically confirmed cervical cancer were enrolled,and the prescribed dose to the planning target volume (PTV) was 50 Gy in 25 fractions.The Pinnacle 8.0m treatment planning system was used for all patients,and 16 IMRT plans were developed for each patient,with the application of 9 evenly distributed fixed incidence directions (0°,40°,80°,120°,160°,200°,240°,280°,and 320°),a minimum sub-field number of 80,and a minimum sub-field hop count (MU) of 5 MU.The range of sub-field area was 2-81 cm2.Direct machine parameter optimization was used for inverse-planned optimization calculation,and all the plans met the requirements of the clinical prescribed dose.The dose-volume histogram was used to evaluate the dose distribution in target volume and organs at risk.Results With the sub-field area increasing from 2 cm2 to 81cm2,the total hop count of IMRT plan was reduced from (1405±170) MU to (490±47) MU (P=0.000),and when the sub-field area increased above 6 cm×6 cm,the total hop count was reduced significantly (P=0.000).In the IMRT plan with a minimum sub-field area of 2-49 cm2,there was no significant difference in dose between the target volume and the organs at risk (P＞0.05).The dose to the rectum,the bladder,and both femoral heads showed no significant differences across the IMRT plans with different minimum sub-field areas (P＞0.05).Conclusions When the Pinnacle 8.0m treatment planning system is used to develop IMRT plans for cervical cancer,the requirements for clinical dose can still be met with a minimum sub-field area reaching 7 cm×7 cm,and there are significant reductions in sub-field hop count and total hop count.

Objective:To establish an analytical method for measuring the concentration of glucose in saliva by ion chromatography.Methods:The proteins in saliva were removed by thermal denaturation method, CarboPac PA20 (3×30 mm) was used as a protective column and CarboPac PA20 (3×150 mm) was used as an analytical column for ion chromatography analysis. Gradient elution was carried out with A: ultra-pure water, B: 250 mmol/L NaOH solution and C: 500 mmol/L NaAc solution. Pulsed ampere detector was used for detection.Results:This method had a good linear relationship in the range of 0.04 to 0.12 mg/L, with a linear relation coefficient of 0.9967. The detection limit of glucose was 2 μg/L, the mean value of the relative standard deviation (RSD) of the repeatability measurement was 0.75%, and the average spike recovery was 103.07%.Conclusion:This method is simple, sensitive, accurate and stable, and can be used for the determination of glucose concentration in saliva.

Objective To study the performance of children rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) in CT examation. Methods Twenty-four cases clinical and CT data of RMS which were confirmed by pathology were analyzed retrospectively. Results In head and neck RMS (3 cases), the performance were well-circumscribed soft tissue with uniformity density which were obviously improved after enhancement and showed no invasion to the adjacent bone. In trunk limbs RMS (8 cases), the performance were well-circumscribed soft tissue of many different sizes with uniformity density and mild to moderate uniform(or non-uniform) enhancemen,and the invasion to the adjacent bone was not obvious. In peritoneum and retroperitoneum RMS (6 cases), 5 cases showed non-uniformity isodensity or slightly low density with non-uniformly enhancement and without retroperitoneal lymph node metastasis. The mesenteric (1 case) showed low uniformity density mass and non-uniformly bar enhancement. In urogenital system RMS (7 cases), 2 cases located in the bladder, and 4 cases respectively 1ocated in the vagina, scrotum, testicles and perineum. The performances were uniformity density soft tissue mass like nodular with moderate uniform enhancement. One case located in posterior urethral, whose performance was cystic and solid mass. The cystic part had no enhancement, and the solid part had obviously uniform enhancement. Conclusion The characteristic performance about children RMS is different along with the different parts and age in CT, which has important value for early diagnosis.

Objective To measure the setup errors of patients with esophageal carcinoma during the treatment of three dimensional conformal radiotherapy (3DCRT), and to analyze the impact of setup errors on dose distribution of GTV,CTV and normal tissues around. Methods Forty-two patients with esophageal cancer treated by 3DCRT were included. The setup errors of each patient were measured once a week for 6 times by electronic portal imaging device (EPID). The setup errors were integrated into the treatment plan-ning system by moving the isocenter. Then the dose distribution of GTV, CTV and normal tissues were recal-culated. Results The systematic setup errors of the 42 patients were - 2.31 mm, - 0.55 mm and - 0.16 mm, and the random errors were 4.42 mm, 4.35 mm and 4.48 mm in the directions of lef-fight, anterior-posterior,and superior-inferior, respectively. The dose covered 95% GTV( D95 ) was reduced by 32 cGy and by 88 cGy for CTV D95. The lung V20 in the original plan and the integrated plan was 22.49% and 22.02%, respectively. The average dose of the heart in the two plans was 2077.62 cGy and 2036.23 cGy, respectively. In the original plan, no patient had maximum dose of spinal cord over 4500 cGy; While in the intergrated plan there were 18 patients had the spinal cord dose more than 4500 cGy, with a maximum dose of 5503.90 cGy. Conclusions The setup errors cause significant dose reduction of GTV and CTV, but not of the lung and heart . The maximum dose of the spinal cord may exceed 4500 cGy due to the setup errors.

Objective To investegate the effect of phosphorylated-P38 MAPK(mitogen-activated protein kinase) on the expression of caspase-3 in the substania nigra (SN) of MPTP-induced mouse model of(PD). Methods Mice were randomly divided into MPTP model group, which were treated with MPTP and inhibitor group. Once a day for 5 days; control group was treated with saline and DMSO as much as the model group received per day for 5 days. The behavioral were observed, immunohistochemistry and Western blot for TH, caspase-3 and phosphorylation of P38 MAPK were used to observe the change of positive cell number and the expression level in the SN of midbrain. Results Compared with the mice in control group, the model group showed typical symtoms of PD with decreased numbers of TH-positive neurons and the protein level of TH in SN of the midbrain by about 60% and 65% respec-tively(P<0.01) , the numbers of caspase-3 and phosphorylation of P38 MAPK immunoreactive cells and their protein level in the SN of the midbrain increased markedly (P<0.01). After giving SB203580, the above changes were reduced obviously (P <0. 01). Conclusion In the mouse model of subacute Parkinson's disease induced by MPTP, phosphorylated-P38 MAPK regulated caspase-3 in the SN of midbrain, the specific P38 MAPK inhibitor SB203580 is neurologically oprotective to the mouse model.

ObjectiveTo evaluate correlation factors of cervical lymph nodes metastasis in thoracic esophageal carcinoma.MethodsLocal-regional metastasis of lymph node for 126 cases with esophageal squamous cell cancer after surgery from 2004 to 2009 were reviewed.Risk factors of cervical lymph nodes metastasis were examined by multiple Logistic regression analysis.ResultsIn 126 cases,supraclavicular lymph node metastasis rate was 43.7％ (55/126).By logistic regression,none of the primary site,T stage,N stage,histological grade,lymph node metastasis rate,lymph node metastasis degree and number of lymph nodes metastatic field was not the high risk of cervical lymph nodes metastasis.In addition,multivariate analysis found that lymph node metastasis in mediastinum region 1 was high risk factor for lymph node metastasis of region 1 ( x2 =12.14,9.27,P =0.000,0.002),lymph node metastasis in region Ⅲ and region 2 were high risk factors for lymph node metastasis of region Ⅱa ( x2 =14.56,8.27,8.02,3.93,P =0.000,0.004,0.005,0.047 ).ConclusionMediastinal para-recurrent nerve lymph node metastasis is a significant predictor for cervical lymph nodes metastasis.