Objective To observe the change pattern of macaques'body temperature and the relationship exterior sign,expression and behavior,sex hormone level in their menolipsis.Methods Macaques'exterior sign,expression and behavior were photographed and videotaped.Body temperature was detected by electrothermometer everyday and draw a fluctuation curve.Their estrogen and progesterone level changes were detected by radioimmunoassay.Results Three macaques'cycle of Sex skin change continued about 40 days in Period of Menolipsis,and body temperature,expression and behavior,sex hormone level of macaques in period of menolipsis showed regular changs.Conclusion Temperature fluctuation of macaques showed typical diphase change which was similar to the change in normal menstrual cycle and consistence with their exterior sign,expression and behavior and sex hormone level change regularity.Diaphase fluctuation of macaques'body temperature may be related to sex hormone level change.

Objective To explore the test-retest reliability of the open field test,as a method for ethology in Kunming mice. Methods The behavior of adult male Kunming mice in the open field test was recorded twice,once for five minutes, with a one-week inter-trial interval. The following parameters were evaluated:number of central squares; number of peripheral squares; percent of central squares; number of horizontal squares; number of rearings; total score; and number of fecal boli. Subsequently,the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and the agreement index (Kappa) were calculated for each of these parameters. Results Both ICC and Kappa for total score( ICC =0.902, P＜0.01; Kappa =0.680, P＜0.01; r=0.815, P＜0.01 ) showed a good reliability and correlation between the test trials. Only ICC for number of central squares ( ICC = 0. 578, P ＜ 0.01 ), number of peripheral squares( ICC =0.615, P＜0.01 ) ,percent of central squares(ICC=0.523, P＜0.01) ,number of horizontal squares( ICC = 0. 607, P ＜ 0.01 ) and number of rearings ( ICC = 0. 606, P ＜ 0.01 ) indicated a fair reliability between the test trials. Neither ICC nor Kappa for number of fecal boli displayed a significant reliability between the test trials. The difference of these parameters between test and retest, such as number of peripheral squares( t =3.01, P＜0.01 ),number of horizontal squares( t = 3.34, P ＜ 0.01 ) and total score( t = 7.86, P ＜ 0.01 ) were significant. Conclusion The parameter,total score for Kunming mice in the open field test,is found to be stable over time, and indicates a good reliability with a one-week inter-trial interval.

Objective To explore the behavioral dimensions and validity of the light-dark box(LDB),as an model of state anxiety in Kunming mice.Methods The behavior of adult,male,Kunming mice in LDB was recorded twice,for five minutes,with a one-week inter-trial interval.The following parameters were evaluated by factor analysis:latence for the first entry into the dark area(Latence);percentage of time exploring in the light area (Ltime%);percentage of squares crossing in the light area(Lcross%);percentage of rears in the light area (Lrear%);transitions between two areas(Transition);total number of squares crossing in the whole apparatus (Cross);total number of rears in the whole apparatus(Rear);and number of fecal boli(FB).Results There was a good intercorrelation both among Ltime%,Lcross%,Lrear%,and among Transition,Cross,Rear.A good correlation also was found between test and retest for Transition,Rear and FB.Ltime%,Lcress%and Lrear%had significant loadings on Anxiety factor(Loading%:39.54%,35.40%);Transition loaded on Locomotor factor(Loading%:23.78%,19.66%),combined with Cross;Rear loaded on Exploration factor(Loading%:13.75%,22.60%);and FB loaded on Emotionality factor(Loading%:14.42%,13.02%);Latence was not stable.Conclusion Light-dark box,as an animal model of state anxiety in Kunming mice,comprised three behavioral dimensions:anxiety factor,LDB-activity factor(locomotor factor and exploration factor)and emotionality factor.

Objective To explore the behavioral dimensions of the open field test ( OFF),as a method for ethology in Kunming mice.Methods The behavior of adult,male,Kunming mice in OFF was recorded twice,for five minutes,with a one-week inter-trial interval.The following parameters were evaluated by factor analysis:percentage of time exploring in the central area (Ctime％); percentage of squares crossing in the central area (Ccross％) ; total number of squares crossing in the whole apparatus(Cross) ; total number of rears in the whole apparatus(Rear) ; and number of fecal boli(FB).Results There were good intercorrelation and intracorrelation between test and retest for Ctime％,Ccross％,Cross and Rear.Ctime％ and Ccross％ had significant loadings on “Anxiety” factor ( Loading％:43.34％,48.56％ ) ; Cross and Rear loaded on “locomotor-Exploration” factor ( Loading％:27.94％,29.30％ ) ; and FB loaded on “Emotionality” factor ( Loading％:21.95％,15.93％ ).A good correlation was found between test and retest for anxiety factor and locomtor-exploration factor.Conclusion Open field test,as a method for ethology in Kunming mice,comprise three behavioral dimensions:anxiety factor,OFF-activity factor(locomotor-exploration) and emotionality factor.

Objective To investigate the value of cerebrospinal fluid drainage after aneurysm clipping in patients with intracranial aneurysm complicated with subarachnoid hemorrhage .Methods 84 intracranial aneurysms patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage were selected ,and they were randomly divided into study group (n =42) and control group (n =42).The control group used simple suture after aneurysm clipping ,the study group was given lumbar cistern drainage by implementation of the dural suture tube after aneurysm clipping .Before and after hydro-cephalus and cerebral vasospasm ,treatment changes of serum insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) and soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (sVCAM-1) levels were compared between the two groups .Results The incidence rate of hydrocephalus of the study gruop was 4.8%,which was significantly lower than the 14.3% of the control group (χ2 =9.743,P <0.05).The incidence rate of cerebral vasospasm of the study group was 7.1%,which was significantly lower than 19.0% of the control group (χ2 =11.802,P <0.05).The incidence rates of intracranial infection,cerebrospinal fluid leakage and other complications between the two groups had no statistically significant differences (χ2 =2.074,2.125,all P >0.05).The serum levels of IGF-1 and sVCAM-1 between the two groups had no statistically significant differences before operation (t =0.417,0.603,all P >0.05).At the 8th day after oper-ation,the serum levels of sVCAM-1 and IGF-1 of the study group were significantly lower than those of the control group (t =7.335,6.856,all P <0.05).Conclusion After aneurysm clipping,the lumbar cistern drainage tube drainage is beneficial to reduce hydrocephalus and cerebral vasospasm incidence ,inhibit the expression of serum IGF-1,sVCAM-1,with less adverse reactions,it is worthy of application.

Objective To explore the cerebral protective effect of edaravone combined with mild hypothermia in patients with severe craniocerebral injury. Methods 64 patients with severe craniocerebral injury were divided into control groups ( n =21 ) , mild hypothermia groups ( n =22 ) and combination groups ( n =21 ) according to the random number table method. All patients were treated with symptomatic supportive therapy and surgical decompression,and the patients in the mild hypothermia group accepted physical cooling and drugs to maintain a low body temperature, and the patients in the combination group accepted edaravone 30mg on the basis of the mild hypothermia group,1 time every 12 hours,and the course of treatment was lasted for two weeks. The Glasgow coma score(GCS),the degree of brain edema and the Glasgow prognostic score( GOS) were observed in the three groups. Results The GCS scores of the mild hypothermia group and combination group at 7d after admission were (9. 54 ± 1. 26) points and (10. 15 ± 1. 56)points,respectively,which were higher than (7. 58 ± 1. 12) points of the control group,the differences were statistically significant(t=7. 867,12. 232,all P<0. 05),and the GCS score of the combination group was higher than that of the mild hypothermia group(t =7. 986,P <0. 05). The GCS scores of the mild hypothermia group and combination group were (12. 21 ± 1. 47)points and (12. 35 ± 1. 12)points at 14d after admission,which were higher than (10.28 ±2.28)points of the control group,the differences were statistically significant(t=8. 823,9. 066,all P<0. 05). The proportions of mild edema patients in the mild hypothermia group and combination group were 69. 09%,71. 43%,respectively,which were higher than 19. 05% of the control group,the differences were statistically significant(χ2 =9. 019,7. 563,all P<0. 05). The GOS scores of the mild hypothermia group and combination group at discharge were (4. 15 ± 0. 51) points and (4. 51 ± 0. 37) points,respectively,which were higher than (3. 69 ± 0. 61)points of the control group,the differences were statistically significant(t=5. 328,6. 228,all P<0. 05),and the GOS score of the combination group was higher than that of the mild hypothermia group(t=4. 251,P<0. 05). Conclusion The curative effect of edaravone combined with mild hypothermia in the treatment of patients with severe craniocerebral injury is significantly better than conventional therapy and mild hypothermia treatment, and it is conducive to promote the recovery of the nerve function.

Neural recording electrodes enable the acquisition and collection of electrical signals from neu-rons,and these recorded neural electrical signals are an important means of understanding neuronal activity.As a major component of the brain-machine interface,neu-ral recording electrodes serve as a bridge between the nervous system and external devices.The extracted information can be used to understand the state of the brain and acts as a feedback signal to regulate external devices,thus providing important information for the clini-cal treatment of neurological diseases.Moreover,the electrodes can be used as a vehicle for drug injection to directly treat diseases.Since the time that Strumwas-ser used microwires to achieve long-term recordings of neural activity in hibernating squirrels,implantable elec-trode technology has gradually improved over three gen-erations of development,and progress has been made in improving the biocompatibility,mechanical performance(size,shape,density,etc.),and signal-to-noise ratio.Implantable neural recording electrodes can acquire sig-nals from cortical and deep neural clusters,with the advantages of high signal-to-noise ratio,information con-tent,and spatial/temporal resolution.However,there is still a need to improve the structure and performance of these electrodes;for example,their high invasiveness and lack of biocompatibility pose technical difficulties in the process of translation to the clinic.This paper reviews the basic requirements for electrodes,main recording methods and signal types,common types of implant-able neural recording electrodes,and their challenges and future development directions.With the continuous development of electrode materials,equipment,systems,and neurotechnology,it should be possible to apply neu-ral recording electrodes in clinical practice,to promote safe and efficient treatment of human diseases.

Anxiety is a major mood disorder, and the high morbidity, co-morbidity and disability of anxiety disorders seriously affect people's quality of life, so the importance and urgency of research on anxiety cannot be overstated. Animal models are the main carriers for studying the mechanism of disease occurrence and development, drug efficacy evaluation and drug development.Unconditioned anxiety model is a common anxiety model.Elevated plus maze test, open field test and light-dark box test are widely accepted paradigms for the detection of unconditioned anxiety.This kind of behavioral paradigm based on environmental exposure takes advantage of the conflict between curiosity and fear of the unfamiliar environment to simulate and detect the anxiety of animals.However, the validity of these behavioral paradigms for evaluating anxiety in animals is questionable.In this paper, we discuss the concept of anxiety, the definition of anxiety behavior in the behavioral test of unconditioned anxiety, and the factors to be considered in the test of unconditioned anxiety behavior.On this basis, new solutions were proposed to the contradictions and blind spots in order to improve the test paradigm of anxiety behavior and provide a more reliable animal model for the evaluation of anxiety.This paper presents a new approach to address the contradictions and blind spots of this paradigm.