Administration, Inhalation ; Adrenal Cortex Hormones ; pharmacology ; Asthma ; drug therapy ; metabolism ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Drug Interactions ; Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Theophylline ; pharmacokinetics ; pharmacology ; Treatment Outcome

OBJECTIVETo investigate the protective effect of Danxuetong injection (DXT, a combination of Danshen and Xueshuantong injections) against testicular ischemia-reperfusion injury following testis torsion/detorsion in rats.

METHODSThirty-two 4-week-old healthy male SD rats were randomly divided into four groups of equal number: sham operation, normal saline, single DXT injection, and successive DXT injection. The rat models of testicular ischemia-reperfusion injury were established by 2-hour 720-degree torsion/detorsion of the unilateral testis. At 6 weeks after modeling, the rats were killed and their testes were harvested for measure- ment of testicular coefficients, sperm counts, sperm motility, and the levels of total anti-oxidative capacity (T-AOC) , superoxide dismutase (SOD) , nitric oxide synthase (NOS) , and malondialdehyde ( MDA) in the testis tissue.

RESULTSCompared with the rats of the normal saline group, those of the single DXT injection and successive DXT injection groups showed significant increases in the testicular coefficient (0.11 ± 0.03 vs 0.35 ± 0.04 and 0.40 ± 0.06, P < 0.05), sperm count ([0.46 ± 0.10] vs [1.44 ± 0.50] and [3.00 ± 1.28] x10(9)/ml, P < 0.05), sperm motility ([13.63 ± 14.04] vs [39.63 ± 5.04] and [76.31 ± 3.67]%, P < 0.05), the activity of SOD (72.76 ± 5.58 vs 116.25 ± 8.83 and 133.20 ± 13.84, P < 0.05), and the level of T-AOC (5.58 ± 1.07 vs 13.34 ± 5.81 and 19.21 ± 5.69, P < 0.05), but a remarkable decrease in the content of MDA (42.38 ± 8.94 vs 20.94 ± 5.65 and 15.02 ± 1.03, P < 0. 05) in the injured testes.

CONCLUSIONDXT can effectively rid the testis tissue of oxygen free radicals, improve sperm count and motility by antioxidation, and protect the testis tissue of prepubertal rats against testicular ischemia-reperfusion injury after testis torsion/detorsion. It also has a protective effect on the contralateral testis, and successive injection has a better effect than single injection of DXT.

Animals ; Antioxidants ; therapeutic use ; Drug Therapy, Combination ; methods ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; therapeutic use ; Humans ; Male ; Malondialdehyde ; metabolism ; Nitric Oxide Synthase ; metabolism ; Random Allocation ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Reperfusion Injury ; prevention & control ; Spermatic Cord Torsion ; complications ; therapy ; Superoxide Dismutase ; metabolism ; Testis ; blood supply ; metabolism

OBJECTIVEChild abuse and neglect (CNS) increasingly have become a serious problem in modern society all over the world. Children neglected and abused are at risk for maladaptation in behavioral, emotional, social, cognitive, and physical functioning. The purpose of this investigation was to develop the Child Neglect Scale for children aged 3 - 6 years in Chinese urban areas and to test the reliability and validity of this norm.

METHODSAccording to the principle and procedure of developing scales, a child neglect questionnaire was designed. Multistage sampling was used in the study in accordance with sex, age, the levels of economy and kindergartens, a random sample of 1,465 children aged 2 - 6 years was selected from 25 cities. Of the 1,465 subjects who completed the Child Neglect Questionnaires again 2 weeks later, 66 had completed data on each of the two occasions. The Child Neglect Questionnaires were completed by parents and caregivers. The data were analyzed using items analysis, factor analysis, internal consistency analysis and the reliability and validity of the norm were tested. The factor structure of the Child Neglect Scale was determined using an oblique rotation. The internal consistency was reflected in Cronbach's alpha. Since no existing categorization scheme on child neglect could be found in the literature, one was formulated in an attempt to efficiently and meaningfully group similar types of caregiver behaviors. The initial pool of potentially neglecting caregiver behaviors was drawn from literature. The most common patterns of parental behaviors were grouped according to six neglect subscale schemes found in the literature, with modifications made to increase item specificity and reduce overlap. The initial Child Neglect Questionnaire contained a 25-item physical neglect subscale, a 59-item emotional neglect subscale, a 23-item educational neglect subscale, a 20-item safety neglect subscale, a 10-item medical neglect subscale, a 9-item social neglect subscale.

RESULTSCompleted Child Neglect Questionnaires were obtained from 1,457 subjects, 726 males and 731 females. The overall findings of this study came from 1,163 subjects, because children aged 2 years (294 subjects) were removed from subjects by statistical method. The 91-item Child Neglect Scale was presented to the respondent as a child neglect questionnaire with a 9-item social neglect subscale and some items in other subscales were removed from the initial questionnaire by using statistical method. The questionnaire contained 17 physical neglect items, 40 emotional neglect items, 17 educational neglect items, a 10 safety neglect items, and 7 medical neglect items. The internal consistency of the overall Child Neglect Scale as reflected in Cronbach's alpha was 0.94, the split-half reliability was 0.88, the test-retest reliability was 0.92. For physical, emotional, educational, safety, medical neglect subscale, Cronbach's alpha, respectively was 0.80, 0.88, 0.84, 0.68, 0.60, the split-half reliability was 0.54 - 0.88, the test reliability was 0.89, 0.94, 0.87, 0.80, 0.77, respectively. The construct validity, face validity and exterior validity of the norm were good. For physical, emotional, educational, safety, medical neglect subscale and overall child neglect scale, the scores of percentiles 90 were used as cut-point. They were 35, 80, 40, 20, 15, 190, respectively.

CONCLUSIONSThe norm was consistent with China's economic-cultural background and reality. It not only may be used for research purpose but also may be useful in assessing parent's and child-oriented individual's behaviors and attitude as a measuring instrument.

Child ; Child Abuse ; Child, Preschool ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Parenting ; Parents ; psychology ; Social Class ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Urban Population

Objective To explore the effect of early comprehensive rehabilitation care on the quality of rehabilitation of severe viral encephalitis children.Methods Totals of 120 children with severe viral encephalitis were selected between January 2011 and September 2011 as the intervention group received comprehensive rehabilitation care in early stage of the disease.And 105 children with severe viral encephalitis between January 2008 and September 2008 as the control group received routine nursing.Their treatment efficiency,Glasgow score,Fugl -Meyer score,EEG and average hospitalization days were observed in two groups.Results General effective rate was 95.8％ of intervention group and 82.9％ of the control group,and the difference was statistically significant( x2 =30.94,P＜0.01).Glasgow score and Fugl-Meyer score of intervention group was significantly higher than that of control group (P ＜0.05).As the intervention group had higher recovery rate and fewer hospitalization days than that of control group.Conclusions Early introduction of comprehensive rehabilitation for children of sever viral encephalitis can effectively promote their recovery and improve the quality of recovery.

Objective To establish an HPLC method for the content determination of morroniside, sweroside, paeoniflorin and loganin of Liuwei Dihuang Decoction and its Cornus Officinalis-Cortex Moutan couple; To discuss the relationship between the whole prescription and the couple of main pharmacodynamic components. Methods The HPLC method was used at Hypersile C18 column (4.6 mm × 250 mm, 5 μm); the mobile phase consisted of methanol-water (24:76); the detective wavelength was 236 nm; the flow rate was 1.0 mL/min; the column temperature was 30 ℃. Results The linear ranges of morroniside, sweroside, paeoniflorin and loganin were among 0.480–7.680 μg (r=0.999 3), 0.103–1.650 μg (r=0.999 5), 0.120–1.920 μg (r=0.999 1) and 0.227–3.630 μg (r=0.999 7), respectively. The average recovery rates and RSD were 102.79%, 102.29%, 100.99%, 102.48%, and 1.73%, 1.48%, 1.32%, 0.75%, respectively. The contents of morroniside, sweroside and paeoniflorin in Liuwei Dihuang Decoction were slightly higher than that in Cornus Officinalis - Cortex Moutan couple, and the contents of loganin were almost the same. Conclusion The method is simple, stable, accurate and reproducible. It can be used for content determinate of glycosides in Liuwei Dihuang Decoction and Cornus Officinalis-Cortex Moutan couple. Cornus Officinalis-Cortex Moutan couple has the glycosides with tonifying kidney effect of Liuwei Dihuang Decoction.

Objective To establish the feasibility of performing an endoscopic anterior approach for upper cervical spine in a clinical setting.Methods Application of this method on 13 Chinese cadavers was conducted to verify the practicability of this technique.Anatomic data were obtained by measuring the anterior cervical specimens,and anatomic observation was conducted in the neighboring structure through below the su- perior thyroid artery.Results The superior thyroid vascular-nerve plexus was neighbor to the puncture can- nula.But there has a quite large distance between the hypoglossal,the glossopharyngeal,the lingual artery, the external branch of the superior laryngeal nerve and the puncture cannula.There has enough space between the posterior wall of the pharynx and the prevertebral fascia to put the MDE canuula.Conclusion This ca- daver and clinical study demonstrates that an endoscopic anterior approach to the upper cervical spine is safe and feasible,and can be a valid alternative to the conventional transoral approach.

Objective To investigate the effects of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)with acute ischemic stroke (AIS) patients,and to evaluate the relationship between brain reorganization and motor recovery.Methods Nine AIS patients and 9 healthy volunteers were assessed by fMR1 during passive finger clenching at a pace of 1 Hz.The fMRI results were analyzed using SPM2 software.Lateral indices (LIs) and activated regions were calculated,and the relationship between LI and muscle strength was examined.Results In the control group,activation was observed in the contralateral sensorimotor cortex (SMC) and the bilateral supplementary area (SMA) during the passive movement.In the AIS group,similar results were recorded dur- ing unaffected hand movement,but the ipsilateral activation areas were greater than those on the eontralateral side during movement of the affected hand.LI results confirmed that movement of the affected hand mainly elici- ted activation in the ipsilateral hemisphere.Conclusion The different fMRI manifestations of patients and nor- mal subjects reflect brain compensation,and fMRI is valuable for studying the correlation between motor function and brain reorganization.

OBJECTIVETo study indications and complications of interspinous process device Coflex for degenerative disk diseases.

METHODSOne hundred and eight patients with degenerative lumbar disc diseases were underwent procedures of surgical decompression and additional fixation of Coflex between November 2007 and October 2010. Sixty-eight patients were male and the other fourty were female, and their average age was 53.5 years (range from 37 to 75 years). Fifty-nine patients were underwent surgery of excision of nucleus pulposus and Coflex fixation, 41 patients were underwent surgery of decompression by fenestration and Coflex fixation, 6 patients were underwent surgery of topping-off, and 2 patients were underwent surgery of Coflex fixation for two level. Preoperative and postoperative visual analogue scales (VAS) and Oswestry disability index (ODI) were recorded, as well as height of ventral intervertebral space (HV), height of dorsal intervertebral space (HD), height of intervertebral foramen (HIF) and segmental range of motion (ROM). One-way ANOVA was used for statistical analysis. Surgical complications were also recorded.

RESULTSThe average follow-up time was 28.8 months. All groups had apparent improvement of VAS and ODI, and maintained well to last follow-up (F = 6.16-25.92, P = 0.00). Statistical analysis showed that HD and HIF increased significantly in group with excision of nucleus pulposus and Coflex fixation and group with decompression by fenestration and Coflex fixation (F = 7.37 - 11.68, P < 0.05). Although both HD and HIF decreased one-year after surgery, they were still higher than those preoperatively (F = 6.31 and 7.05, P = 0.00). Preoperative segmental ROM was respectively 6.3° ± 1.8° and 6.2° ± 1.7° in group with excision of nucleus pulposus and Coflex fixation and group with decompression by fenestration and Coflex fixation, and 3.1° ± 0.6° and 3.0° ± 0.8° at last follow-up. Three cases were found with device-related complications and five with non-device-related complications, and all five cased were cured after appropriate treatment.

CONCLUSIONSSurgical method assisted with Coflex has significant clinical efficacy for degenerative disc disease, it can maintain segmental stability, simultaneously, partly reserve movement. It's key to strictly master indications and precisely choose patients.

Adult ; Aged ; Female ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Internal Fixators ; adverse effects ; Intervertebral Disc Degeneration ; surgery ; Lumbar Vertebrae ; surgery ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Retrospective Studies ; Spinal Fusion ; instrumentation ; methods ; Treatment Outcome

OBJECTIVETo study the effect of combination rhOPG-Fc and alendronate on mature osteoclasts.

METHODSRecombinant human osteoprotegerin secretory expression in P. pastoris was performed. Osteoblasts were got from new born mouse skeletal bone and proved by ALP staining and incubated together with osteoclasts precursor cell line Raw 264.7 in 96 well plate. After 9 d, 10 micromol/L ALN, 10(-5) g/L rhOPG-Fc, 10 micromol/L ALN + 10(-5) g/L rhOPG-Fc, 5 micromol/L ALN + 5 x 10(-6) g/L rhOPG-Fc were added to these coculture systems. Osteoblasts cultured without the drugs mentioned above served as controls. TRAP stain positive cells counting and cortical bone pit formation counting were preformed in the following the 3rd and 7th d.

RESULTSSDS-PAGE and Western blot showed that molecular weight of the expressed protein was about 55 KD, and it could reach specifically with anti-IgG antibody. Many multi-nuclear TRAP stain positive cells were found in the coculture control group after 9 d incubation, and proved to be mature osteoclasts by TRAP stain. In the 3rd and 7th d after the addition of rhOPG-Fc, ALN or both, TRAP stain positive cells counting and cortical bone pit formation counting decreased significantly in the rhOPG-Fc, ALN or both groups than in the control group, and the combine group (10(-5) g/L rhOPG-Fc + 10 micromol/L ALN) decreased most significantly when compared with rhopG-FC or ALN single.

CONCLUSIONSrhOPG-Fc can decrease the number of osteoclasts and inhibit their function. The combination of both rhOPG-Fc and ALN shows the significant inhibition effect on mature osteoclasts.

Alendronate ; pharmacology ; Animals ; Drug Synergism ; Humans ; In Vitro Techniques ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred Strains ; Osteoclasts ; cytology ; drug effects ; Osteoprotegerin ; biosynthesis ; pharmacology ; Pichia ; metabolism ; Recombinant Proteins ; biosynthesis ; pharmacology

Objective: To observe the effect of miR-155 on angiotensin Ⅱ (AngⅡ)-induced mice vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) phenotype switching with its possible mechanism. Methods: Primary cultured mice VSMCs were treated by AngⅡ at different concentrations and time periods, relevant expressions of miR-155 were examined by RT-PCR. qRT-PCR was conducted to determine miR-155 changes in Blank control group, miR-155 mimics group, miR-155 mimics negative control (NC) group, miR-155 inhibitor group and miR-155 inhibitor NC group. Western blot analysis was performed to measure the effect of miR-155 on AngⅡ-enforced ERK1/2 and mTOR signaling pathway in Blank control group, AngⅡ group, miR-155 mimics group, AngⅡ+miR-155 mimics group, miR-155 inhibitor group and AngⅡ+miR-155 inhibitor group; to detect the impact of miR-155, rapamycin (Rap) and U0126 on AngⅡ promoted VSMC phenotype switching in Blank control group, AngⅡ group, miR-155 mimics group, AngⅡ+miR-155 mimics group, AngⅡ+U0126 group and AngⅡ+Rap group, and to detect protein expressions of SM22α, α-SM-actin (contractile phenotype marker protein) and OPN (synthetic phenotype marker). Results: AngⅡ decreasing miR-155 expression was in a dose- and time-dependent manner. miR-155 could reduce the basal and AngⅡ-promoted ERK1/2, mTOR signaling pathway, while miR-155 inhibitor could elevate the above effect. Rap, U0126 and miR-155 could inhibit AngⅡ-attenuated expressions of SM22α, α-SM-actin and meanwhile inhibit AngⅡ-enforced expression of OPN. Conclusion: miR-155 could inhibit mice AngⅡ-promoted VSMC phenotype switching which might be via inhibiting the activations of mTOR and ERK1/2.