In recent years, the study of autophagy in spinal cord injury (SCI) gradually becomes the hot spot. However, the function of autophagy in the injured spinal cord is still controversial. In order to further understand the role of autophagy after SCI, we summarized the activation of autophagy, autophagic cell death, the relationship between autophagy and apoptosis, the function of autophagy in promoting the molecular metabolism and the role of autophagy after spinal cord injury. We concluded that the role of autophagy after SCI is a double-edged sword. Upregulating the level of autophagy appropriately can promote damaged proteins metabolism and inhibit apoptosis. However, excessive activation of antophagy may induce autophagic cell dealth. So we consider that the proper regulation of autophagy will be a new target in the treatment of SCI.
Animals ; Apoptosis ; Autophagy ; physiology ; Humans ; Spinal Cord Injuries ; etiology ; pathology

To study the relation between drug release and the drug status within curcumin-loaded microsphere, SPG (shirasu porous glass) membrane emulsification was used to prepare the curcumin-PLGA (polylactic-co-glycolic acid) microspheres with three levels of drug loading respectively, and the in vitro release was studied with high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The morphology of microspheres was observed with scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and the drug status was studied with X-ray diffraction (XRD), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and infrared analysis (IR). The drug loading of microspheres was (5.85 ± 0.21)%, (11.71 ± 0.39)%, (15.41 ± 0.40)%, respectively. No chemical connection was found between curcumin and PLGA. According to the results of XRD, curcumin dispersed in PLGA as amorphous form within the microspheres of the lowest drug loading, while (2.12 ± 0.64)% and (5.66 ± 0.07)% curcumin crystals was detected in the other two kinds of microspheres, respectively, indicating that the drug status was different within three kinds of microspheres. In the data analysis, we found that PLGA had a limited capacity of dissolving curcumin. When the drug loading exceeded the limit, the excess curcumin would exist in the form of crystals in microspheres independently. Meanwhile, this factor contributes to the difference in drug release behavior of the three groups of microspheres.
Calorimetry, Differential Scanning ; Curcumin ; chemistry ; Drug Liberation ; Lactic Acid ; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning ; Microspheres ; Polyglycolic Acid ; X-Ray Diffraction

In recent years, artificial intelligence (AI) technology has advanced rapidly and has been widely applied in various fields such as medicine and pharmacy, accelerating the drug development process. Focusing on the application of AI in the discovery and optimization of lead compounds, this review provides a detailed introduction to AI-assisted virtual screening and molecular generation methods for discovering lead compounds, while particularly highlighting the cases of AI-drived drugs into clinical trials. Additionally, we briefly outline the application of AI basic algorithm models in quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) and drug repurposing, offering insights for AI-based drug discovery.

OBJECTIVETo investigate the association of -141C insert/delete polymorphism with schizophrenia in Wuhan of Hubei province.

METHODSA case-control study was conducted to analyze the polymorphism in the D(2) receptor gene promoter region with schizophrenia. A total of 120 cases of schizophrenia diagnosed according to CCMD-II R criteria and 100 normal controls were recruited in the study.

RESULTSIn this sample, the allele and genotype showed statistically significant differences between patients and normal controls (P<0.05).Especially, the frequency of -141C del was 11% in patients and 18% in control(OR 0.55, 95% CI 0.30-0.96; P<0.05). This allele was less common in schizophrenia than in normal controls (P<0.05).

CONCLUSIONThe -141C del polymorphism is associated with schizophrenia.The polymorphism may modify the association with other factors. Possibly -141C del in the DRD(2) promoter region is a strong candidate for a protective factor for this trait.

Adult ; Alleles ; Female ; Gene Frequency ; Genotype ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Polymorphism, Genetic ; Promoter Regions, Genetic ; genetics ; Receptors, Dopamine D2 ; genetics ; Schizophrenia ; diagnosis ; genetics

AIMTo observe the effect of mesenteric lymph duct ligation on free radical and inflammatory mediator of myocardium with severe hemorrhagic shock in rats at different period, and explore the effect of intestinal lymphatic pathway on myocardium injury pathogenesis in shock rats.

METHODS78 male Wistar rats were divided into the sham group, shock group and ligation group. The model of serious hemorrhagic shock was established in shock group, ligation group, and mesenteric lymph was blocked by ligating mesenteric lymph duct in ligation group after resuscitate. All rats were executed and taken out heart making for homogenate of 10 percent to determine the MDA, SOD, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFalpha), interleukin-6 (IL-6), myeloperoxidase (MPO), NO and NOS at after shock 90 min, after transfusion and resuscitate 0 h, 1 h, 3 h, 6 h, 12 h and 24 h etc. different times, and the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) mRNA in myocardium was detected by RT-PCR.

RESULTSThe contents of MDA, TNFalpha, IL-6, MPO, NO, NOS and iNOS expression in myocardium of shock group were rising after transfusion and resuscitate, and that was higher level at 3 h to 12 h, and that was significantly higher than sham group, the activity of SOD was significantly lower than sham group. The contents of MDA, TNFalpha, IL-6, MPO, NO, NOS and iNOS expression in myocardium of ligation group were significantly lower than that of shock group at sameness points, and the SOD activity was higher.

CONCLUSIONThe mesenteric lymph duct ligation and blocking mesenteric lymph could reduce the PMN detaining, decrease the discharging of TNFa and IL-6, reduce the NO and expression of iNOS mRNA, and reduce the releasing of free radical and consuming of SOD.

Animals ; Free Radicals ; metabolism ; Inflammation Mediators ; metabolism ; Interleukin-6 ; metabolism ; Lymphatic Vessels ; metabolism ; Male ; Mesentery ; metabolism ; Myocardium ; metabolism ; pathology ; Neutrophils ; metabolism ; Nitric Oxide ; metabolism ; Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II ; metabolism ; Peroxidase ; metabolism ; Rats ; Rats, Wistar ; Shock, Hemorrhagic ; metabolism ; pathology ; Superoxide Dismutase ; metabolism ; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha ; metabolism

BACKGROUNDMagnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) is one method that can examine noninvasively the alive specimen of the organ, metabolism of the organ and cell, and the biochemistry change. MRS provides the biochemistry information that may be used to diagnose tumors or differentiate the malignant tumor from benign. The objective of this study is to investigate the benign and malignant bone and soft tissue tumors by 1H-MR spectroscopy ((1)H-MRS) on a 3 Tesla MR scanner, then to assess the usefulness of (1)H-MRS in diagnosing bone and soft tissue tumors and distinguishing benign from malignant tumors.

METHODSFifty-six patients with bone and soft tissue tumors proved clinically and pathologically were examined with (1)H-MRS. (1)H-MRS was performed to study malignant musculoskeletal tumors, benign tumors and normal muscle adjacent to lesions to analyze the characteristics, and single-voxel point-resolved spectroscopy sequence was used. Proton brain exam-single voxel of (1)H-MRS which directly appeared in the spectrum, was observed to find the peak height of choline compounds (Cho) opposite to the creatine (Cr), and whether there was a Cho peak. Metabolite values were calculated automatically from the area under each metabolite peak by the Functool 3.1 software. Metabolite ratios of Cho/Cr were manually calculated. Then according to the results, it was judged whether there existed benign or malignant tumors. The Kappa statistical test was used to analyze the MRS results, the histopathology data and the surgical situation. Statistics processing was performed using the software package SPSS11.5 for Windows.

RESULTS(1)H-MRS spectra style of bone and soft tissue tumors was different from that of normal muscle, and differences also existed between benign and malignant tumors. Choline level in malignant tumor was markedly higher than that in benign tumors. Cho/Cr in malignant tumor was higher than in benign tumor significantly (P < 0.05). The true positive rate of bone and soft tissue between benign and malignant tumors was 34/36, the true negative rate was 15/18, the false positive rate was 3/18 and the false negative rate was 2/36. Therefore in the group, sensitivity of the (1)H-MRS was 94% (34/36), specificity was 83% (15/18), positive predictive value was 92% (34/37), negative predictive value was 88% (15/17) and the accuracy rate was 91% (49/54). The MRS results and the histopathology inspection conclusions had very good uniformity. The kappa value was 0.76 +/- 0.10 (P < 0.01).

CONCLUSIONSThe increase of Cho level measured by (1)H-MRS is related to the bone and soft tissue malignant tumor. Cho/Cr in malignant tumor was higher than in benign tumor, so they will play a vital role in the diagnosis and differential diagnosis of bone and soft tissue tumors.

Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; Brain Neoplasms ; diagnosis ; Choline ; metabolism ; Creatine ; metabolism ; Female ; Humans ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy ; methods ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Soft Tissue Neoplasms ; diagnosis ; Young Adult

Biomechanical study on type I+II+III standard hemipelvic prosthesis under single-leg stance

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of oxidative stress on the accumulation of heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) within C2C12 myogenic cells. METHODS: Heat shock response (42 degrees C for 1 h and recovery for 12 h at 37 degrees C) was used to induce the expression of heat shock protein 70. We constructed a recombinant plasmid of HSP70 with enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP). After being transfected transiently into C2C12 cells, immunoblotting was used to detect the expression of HSP70 induced by heat shock response and transfection. Immunocytochemistry, fluorescent microscopy and immunoblotting were used to detect the translocation of HSP70. RESULTS: Immunoblotting showed that the overexpression of HSP70 was induced by heat shock response and transient transfenction. HSP70 localized within the cytoplasm of the normal cells, but HSP70 translocated from the cytoplasm to the nucleus and the nucleolus at 1 h after the treatment of oxidative stress (0.5 mmol/L H2O2) by using immunocytochemistry, fluorescent microscopy and immunoblotting for cellular partial proteins. CONCLUSION Oxidative stress may induce the accumulation of heat shock protein 70 within the nucleolus.
Cell Nucleolus ; metabolism ; Cells, Cultured ; HSP70 Heat-Shock Proteins ; metabolism ; Humans ; Myoblasts ; cytology ; metabolism ; Myocytes, Cardiac ; cytology ; metabolism ; Oxidative Stress ; physiology

OBJECTIVETo study processing method and mechanism of Calamine.

METHODThermogravimetry analysis method and nano-technology were adopted to analyze and synthesize the components in Calamine, Tetracycline was took as the comparison drug to determine the antibacterial activity of Calamine and its components.

RESULTA part of zinc carbonate in Calamine was decomposed into zinc oxide when processing, and the particle size was smaller than before. The antibacterial activity of Calamine is decided by the content and particle size of zinc oxide, and has nothing with zinc carbonate. The more content and the smaller particle size of zinc oxide, the more powerful antibacterial activity of Calamine.

CONCLUSIONThe content and the particle size of zinc oxide can be the important targets in the processing of Calamine.

Anti-Bacterial Agents ; pharmacology ; Carbonates ; chemistry ; pharmacology ; Drug Combinations ; Escherichia coli ; drug effects ; Ferric Compounds ; chemistry ; pharmacology ; Materia Medica ; chemistry ; pharmacology ; Nanostructures ; Nanotechnology ; Particle Size ; Pseudomonas aeruginosa ; drug effects ; Salmonella ; drug effects ; Staphylococcus aureus ; drug effects ; Technology, Pharmaceutical ; methods ; Tetracycline ; pharmacology ; Thermogravimetry ; Zinc Compounds ; chemistry ; pharmacology ; Zinc Oxide ; analysis ; chemistry ; pharmacology

OBJECTIVETo evaluate the value of magnetic resonance dynamic contrast-enhanced (MR-DCE) and magnetic resonance diffusion-weighted imaging (MR-DWI) in the differentiation of benign and malignant musculoskeletal tumors.

METHODSSixty-three patients with pathologically confirmed musculoskeletal tumors were examined with MR-DCE and MR-DWI. Using single shot spin echo planar imaging sequence and different b values of 400, 600, 800 and 1000 s/mm(2), we obtained the apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) of the lesions. ADC values were measured before and after MR-DCE, with a b value of 600 s/mm(2). The 3D fast acquired multiple phase enhanced fast spoiled gradient recalled echo sequence was obtained for multi-slice of the entire lesion. The time-signal intensity curve (TIC), dynamic contrast-enhanced parameters, maximum slope of increase (MSI), positive enhancement integral, signal enhancement ratio, and time to peak (T(peak)) were also recorded.

RESULTSADC showed no significant difference between benign and malignant tumors when the b value was 400, 600, 800, or 1000 s/mm(2), and it was not significantly different between benign and malignant tumors in both pre-MR-DCE and post-MR-DCE with b value of 600 s/mm(2). TIC were classified into four types type1 showed rapid progression and gradual drainage; type2 showed rapid progression but had no or slight progression; type 3 showed gradual progression; and type 4 had no or slight progression. Most lesions of type1 or type2 were malignant, whereas most lesions of type 3 or type 4 were benign. When using type1 and type 2 as the standards of malignancy, the diagnostic sensitivity and specificity was 87.23% and 50.00%, respectively. The types of TIC showed significant difference between benign and malignant musculoskeletal tumors(χ(2)=17.009,P=0.001). When using MSI 366.62 ± 174.84 as the standard of malignancy, the diagnostic sensitivity and specificity was 86.78% and 78.67%, respectively. When using T(peak)≤70s as the standard of malignancy, the diagnostic sensitivity and specificity was 82.89%and 85.78%, respectively. Positive enhancement integral and signal enhancement ratio showed no significant difference between benign and malignant musculoskeletal tumors.

CONCLUSIONSTIC, MSI and T(peak) of MR-DCE are valuable in differentiating benign from malignant musculoskeletal tumors. T(peak) has the highest diagnostic specificity, and TIC has the highest diagnostic sensitivity. The mean ADC value are no significant difference between benign and malignant tumors.

Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; Bone Neoplasms ; diagnosis ; Child ; Diagnosis, Differential ; Female ; Humans ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; methods ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Muscle Neoplasms ; diagnosis ; Young Adult