OBJECTIVETo investigate the effects of polysaccharide 2-1 from Gastrodia elata (PGE2-1) on blood coagulation and thrombosis.

METHODClotting time (CT) and bleeding time (BT) of mice were measured by glass method and tail-cutting method. Bleeding capacity (A540) was measured by cutting tail in 5 min. Plama recalcificatic time (RT) were measured in mice. Platelet aggregation was caused by adenosine diphosphate (ADP). Activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT), prothrombin time (PT), and thrombin time (TT) were measured by reagent boxes. During thrombosis in vitro, their lengths, wet and dry weights were measured by instrument; wet weights of arteriovenous experimental thrombosis were measured and the impressive rates were analyzed.

RESULTCT and BT of groups PGE2-1 (60, 120 mg x kg(-1)) were remarkably prolonged, and bleeding capacity (A540) were significantly increased (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01). RT of groups PGE2-1 (30, 60, 120 mg x kg(-1)) were remarkably prolonged, and platelet aggregation (PAG) were inhibited (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01). Human serous TT and APTT of groups PGE2-1 (10, 20, 40 mg x mL(-1)) were remarkably prolonged (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01), but the difference of effect on PT had no statistic significance. PGE2-1 (30, 60, 120 mg x kg(-1)) could make the mice obviously eliminate thrombus symptom and reduce the time of restoring independent activity (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01); thrombosis in vitro: Lengths, wet and dry weights of groups PGE2-1 (30, 60, 120 mg x kg(-1)) were significantly decreased (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01); wet weights of arteriovenous experimental thrombosis were dramatically decreased (P < 0.01), and impressive rates were respectively 32.5%, 49.0% and 61.5%.

CONCLUSIONPGE2-1 has remarkable effects of anticoagulation and antithrombosis, so it may be the main component of the isolation from G. elata in the field of antithrombosis.

Animals ; Anticoagulants ; isolation & purification ; pharmacology ; Blood Coagulation Tests ; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug ; Female ; Fibrinolytic Agents ; isolation & purification ; pharmacology ; Gastrodia ; chemistry ; Glycoproteins ; isolation & purification ; pharmacology ; Humans ; Male ; Mice ; Partial Thromboplastin Time ; Phytotherapy ; Plants, Medicinal ; chemistry ; Platelet Aggregation ; drug effects ; Prothrombin Time ; Random Allocation ; Rats ; Rats, Wistar ; Thrombin Time ; Thrombosis ; pathology ; prevention & control

The physiological effects of Panax notoginseng seedlings under simulated drought stress by PEG 6000 on antioxidant enzymes, osmotic substances and root activities were studied. The results showed that the activity of POD and APX in roots and leaves kept rising with increasing processing concentration and time. However, on the one hand, at the same processing time, SOD in roots and leaves firstly increased and then decreased with the increase of processing concentration. On the other hand, at the same processing concentration, SOD kept rising with the extension of processing time. In addition, the activity of CAT in roots and leaves tended to increase with the increasing concentration at the same processing time, while it increased at first and then decreased with the extension of time at the same concentration. The activity of SOD and APX in stem did not change obviously, whereas CAT activity in stem increased with the increasing processing time and concentration. With the increase of processing concentration and the extension of processing time, the MDA, soluble protein, proline content and root activity in leaves and roots apparently rose. Moreover, fluorescence signal of H2O2 and NO in root tip enhanced as the processing concentration increased after treated for 1 d. In summary, P. notoginseng seedlings could deal with drought stress by means of adjusting the system of antioxidant enzyme, permeating stress substances and impeded stress signal substances. Thus, when the concentration of PEG 6000 was more than 5%, it would have harm on P. notoginseng seedlings.
Dose-Response Relationship, Drug ; Droughts ; Panax notoginseng ; drug effects ; physiology ; Polyethylene Glycols ; pharmacology ; Seedlings ; drug effects ; physiology ; Stress, Physiological ; physiology ; Superoxide Dismutase ; metabolism

The physiological response and bioaccumulation of 2-year-old Panax notoginseng to cadmium stress was investigated under a hydroponic experiment with different cadmium concentrations (0, 2.5, 5, 10 μmol · L(-1)). Result showed that low concentration (2.5 μmol · L(-1)) of cadmium could stimulate the activities of SOD, POD, APX in P. notoginseng, while high concentration (10 μmol · L(-1)) treatment made activities of antioxidant enzyme descended obviously. But, no matter how high the concentration of cadmium was, the activities of CAT were inhibited. The Pn, Tr, Gs in P. notoginseng decreased gradually with the increase of cadmium concentration, however Ci showed a trend from rise to decline. The enrichment coefficients of different parts in P. notoginseng ranked in the order of hair root > root > rhizome > leaf > stem, and all enrichment coefficients decreased with the increase of concentration of cadmium treatments; while the cadmium content in different parts of P. notoginseng and the transport coefficients rose. To sum up, cadmium could affect antioxidant enzyme system and photosynthetic system of P. notoginseng; P. notoginseng had the ability of cadmium enrichment, so we should plant it in suitable place reduce for reducing the absorption of cadmium; and choose medicinal parts properly to lessen cadmium intake.
Cadmium ; pharmacokinetics ; toxicity ; Hydroponics ; Panax notoginseng ; drug effects ; growth & development ; metabolism ; Photosynthesis ; drug effects ; Superoxide Dismutase ; metabolism

Objective To analyze the forensic characteristics of 24 psychiatric patients who died of long-term use of psychotropic drugs.Methods Cases of sudden death of psychiatric patients from2011 to 2016 were collected.The forensic characteristics of these sudden deaths were retrospectively analyzed by systematic investigation plus results of autopsy and toxics (drugs).Results Among the 24psychiatric patients who died of long-term use of psychotropic substances, the ratio of male to female was 1.7∶1, and the average age was (59.0±8.8) years.Fifteen patients had clear disease durations (14.4±8.2) years, and other the nine were known to have disease durations of over 3 years.The death time of 62.5％of patients was the daytime in working days, and 91.7％of the patients died at home.Most patients complained different degrees of physical discomfort before death.Patients with schizophrenia (20 cases) were the most common, followed by depression (4 cases).All patients had the history of taking psychotropic drugs, with clozapine and chlorpromazine being the mostly detected ones.The causes of death were mainly circulatory diseases (15 cases), with the most common being myocarditis (11 cases) followed by pneumonia (4 cases).Conclusion Critical attention should be paid to the risk of antipsychotics-induced sudden unexpected deaths for psychiatric patients, particularly for those with schizophrenia.

OBJECTIVETo study the inhibition effect of celastrol on neovascularization.

METHODSThe effect of celastrol on the in vitro proliferation of endothelial cell of vessel (ECV) was examined by MTT assay. The effect of celastrol on endothelial cell migration, tube formation on Matrigel and Chick chorioallantoic membrane angiogenesis was also examined. Matrigel plug assay was used to evaluate the effect of celastrol on angiogenesis in vivo.

RESULTSThe proliferation of ECV was inhibited significantly by celastrol with IC(50) being 1.33 microg/ml. Celastrol inhibited endothelial cell migration and tube formation in a dose-dependent manner. Celastrol also inhibited angiogenesis both in Matrigel plug of mouse model and in chick chorioallantoic membranes.

CONCLUSIONCelastrol, which can inhibit angiogenesis, could be developed as an antiangiogenic drug.

Angiogenesis Inhibitors ; pharmacology ; Animals ; Endothelial Cells ; drug effects ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred BALB C ; Triterpenes ; pharmacology

Objective To explore the effect and indication of splenectomy in liver transplantation.Methods From January 2001 to April 2006,260 patients underwent piggyback orthotopic liver transplantation(PBOLT),and 28 patients had undergone combined PBOLT and splenectomy(splenectomy group).These patients were compared to 56 randomly selected non-splenectomy patients from the same transplant period,meaningly two controls were se- lected for every non-spleneetomy case.Two groups were analyzed with respect to rate of infection and survival rate, as well as biopsy-proven acute allograft rejection within 30 days after transplantation.Results Rate of infection in the splenectomy group was higher than that in the non-splenectomy patients(85.7% vs 55.4%,P

Chinese medicine processing is a kind of traditional pharmaceutical technology,which can reduce toxicity,enhance the curative effect,change the properties and facilitate dispensing preparations in clinical use.The technology of detoxification is a great pioneering work for the safe application of toxic Chinese medicine,which can reduce the side effects of certain drugs,ensure the clinical safe use and expand the scope of clinical application through processing.In this paper,we searched the toxic Chinese medicine and the processing technology in ancient literatures of TCM,and then we summarized and analyzed their lat-est studies at home and abroad.Thus,we make a summary of toxic Chinese medicine including its classification,site of action,the toxic components,detoxification and its clinical application.Meanwhile,we proposed an opinion that toxic Chinese medi-cines with the same processing technology had common detoxification rules.Therefore,we hope this work will provide new perspectives for the research on the processing of toxic Chinese medicine and the mechanism of detoxification.

Objective To investigate the correlation between ischemic stroke and both the risk factors and the degree of intracranial arterial stenosis, and provide evidence of preventing ischemic stroke. Methods Ninety patients with ischemic stroke were assessed by digital substraction angiography (DSA) and, accordingly, divided into group A (stenosis<30%) and group B (stenosis ≥30% or occlusion). The data about such risk factors as age, gender and family history, the levels of T-cholesterol (CHO), triacylglycerol (TG), high/low density lipoprotein cholesterin (H/LDL-C), apolipoprotein A1 (ApoA1), apolipoprotein B (ApoB) and lipoprotein A (Lpa) were recorded and analyzed; such diseases as hypertension, hyperlipemia, diabetes mellitus and coronary disease were taken into consideration. Results The incidence rate of intracranial arterial stenosis in these patients with ischemic stroke was 67.78%. Stenosis occurred most frequently in the middle cerebral arteries, less frequently in the intracranial segments of the internal carotid artery and the vertebral-basilar artery with the lowest occurrence in the posterior cerebral artery. Patients with ischemic cerebrovascular disease accompanied by high blood pressure, diabetes were more likely subjected to intracranial arterial stenosis; the regression coefficient, OR values, P values in patients with hypertension and diabetes were (1.659, 5.256 and 0.002) and (1.657, 5.241, and 0.046), respectively. The level of HDL-C (mmol/L) in the group B (0.99±0.30) was significantly lower than that in the group B (1.30±0.50, t=-3.603, P=0.001). Age, gender, smoking, stroke history, family history of cerebrovascular disease, the level of TC, TG, LDL-C, ApoA, ApoB, serum Lpa between the 2 groups showed no significant differences (P>0.05). Conclusion The major risk factors of intracranial arterial stenosis include hypertension, diabetes mellitus with HDL-C as its protective factors.

OBJECTIVEMutations in NPHS2 mapped to 1q25-q31 and encoding podocin, which is exclusively expressed in glomerular podocytes, are responsible for autosomal recessive familial steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome (SRNS) with minor glomerular abnormalities or focal segmental glomerulosclerosis. Different groups from European and North American countries have screened NPHS2 mutations in familial SRNS with recessive inheritance, documenting a mutation detection rate of 45% - 55% in families. This study aimed to examine mutations in the NPHS2 gene in Southern Chinese Han ethnic group patients with familial SRNS.

METHODSGenomic DNA from 3 probands from Southern Chinese Han families with autosomal recessive SRNS, and their siblings and parents was isolated and analyzed for all eight exons, exon-intron boundaries and promoter of NPHS2 using the polymerase chain reaction and direct sequencing.

RESULTSNo mutation of NPHS2 in all eight exons and exon-intron boundaries was identified in the 3 probands. However, a polymorphism of 954T > C in exon 8 was detected in all the 3 probands and some controls, and 5 variants of NPHS2 promoter, -1709G > A, -1000A > T, -670C > T, -116C > T and -51G > T, were identified in some patients and controls, indicating that these variants are polymorphisms. One heterozygous variant of NPHS2 promoter, -1715A > G, was also identified in one proband and her mother whose urinalyses were normal, whereas it was not found in any of the 50 controls. There was no significant difference in the allelic frequencies of -1709G > A, -1000A > T, -670C > T, -116C > T and -51G > T polymorphisms between the patients and controls.

CONCLUSIONNPHS2 mutations are not a major cause of familial steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome in Southern Chinese Han ethnic group included in the study.

Adolescent ; Asian Continental Ancestry Group ; genetics ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Female ; Gene Frequency ; Humans ; Infant ; Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins ; genetics ; Male ; Membrane Proteins ; genetics ; Mutation ; Nephrotic Syndrome ; ethnology ; genetics ; Pedigree

OBJECTIVETo evaluate the potential role of hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) combined with bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSC) autograft for the treatment of silicosis.

METHODSBone marrow (100 ml) was aspirated from a severe silicosis patient. BMSCs isolated, purified and cultured in vitro. When BMSC came to 70% confluence at passage 3, the culture medium was added liposomes (lipo2000) and plasmid-HGF (p-HGF) and cultured for 2 d. HGF-MSCSs (5 × 10(7) cells) were resuspended in 50 ml 0.9% sodium chloride (NS) and infused Intravenous drip at 3 consecutive times (once a week). Clinical follow-up were performed before and after treatment: (1) pulmonary high-kV X-ray, chest CT examination; (2) pulmonary function test; (3) determination of serum ceruloplasmin.

RESULTSThe symptoms such as coughing, chest tightness disappeared at 12 months after treatment. Pulmonary function tests showed significant changes after treatment: forced vital capacity (FVC) increased from 64.6% to 81.0%, forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV(1.0)) increased from 68.7% to 90.1%, 1 second rate (FEV(1.0)/FVC%) reduced from 111.6% to 107.1%, the maximum mid-expiratory flow (FEF(25%∼75%) decreased from 100.2% to 94.6%, forced expiratory vital capacity 75% of the moment bit of gas flow (MEF(75%)) increased from 99.2% to 113.5%, forced expiratory vital capacity 50% of the moment bit of gas flow (MEF(50%)) increased from 125.3% to 130.2%, forced expiratory vital capacity 25% of the moment bit of gas flow (MEF(25%)) reduced from 86.9% to 71.7%; serum ceruloplasmin levels decreased from 690 mg/L to 180.6 mg/L; lung high-kV X-ray at 1st review showed that diffuse lung nodules had been absorbed and getting smaller than before treatment; chest CT showed that the distribution and number of small nodules at double lung fields decreased than before treatment.

CONCLUSIONHGF combined with BMSC transplantation may have some potential role for the treatment of silicosis patients.

Adult ; Bone Marrow Transplantation ; Female ; Follow-Up Studies ; Hepatocyte Growth Factor ; therapeutic use ; Humans ; Mesenchymal Stem Cell Transplantation ; Silicosis ; therapy ; Treatment Outcome