Objective To analyze the chemical components of the ethanol-soluble portion of Liuwei Dihuang Decoction,and to explore its mechanism in kidney-Yin deficiency of mice.Methods Bioactive components were analyzed by HPLC,the method was used at Hypersile C1s column(4.6 mm × 250 mm,5 μm),the mobile phase consisted of methanol-water (27 ∶ 73),the detective wavelength was 236 nm,the flow rate was 1.0 mL · min-1,the column temperature was 25 ℃.The mice were divided randomly into three groups (n =10):blank group,model group,experimental group.The mice were gavaged with oral administration of corresponding medicines (9.75 g · kg-1)for nine weeks.At time 6 d after administration,in addition to that the normal group was given distilled water,the other groups were gavaged with hydrocortisone injection per day according to 50 mg · kg-1 body weight for 4 d to establish the kidney Yin deficiency mice model.The contents of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP),cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) were determined by ELISA and the follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH),estradiol (E2),testosterone (T) were determined by radioimmunoassay after administration.Results The linear range of morroniside,sweroside,paeoniflorin and loganin were 0.24-2.40 μg (r=0.999 6),0.14-1.38 μg(r =0.999 1),0.12-1.20 μg(r =0.999 1),0.24-2.40 μg(r =0.999 4) respectively.The recovery and relative standard deviation of them were (100.22 ± 1.80) ％,(100.83 ± 1.94) ％,(102.40 ± 1.47) ％,(101.40 ± 1.50) ％,and RSD were 1.80％,1.92％,1.44％,1.50％.The average content of morroniside,sweroside,paeoniflorin and loganin in Liuwei Dihuang Decoction water extract-alcohol soluble parts were calculate in terms of material were 0.20％,0.02％,0.06％,0.13％.The plasma level of cAMP in model group and experimental group were (8.20 ±0.63),(6.90 ±0.15) nmol · L-1 with significant different (P ＜0.01).The serum contents of FSH,E2,T in model group and experimental group were(0.54 ±0.10),(0.88 ±0.04)mU · mL-1;(13.93 ± 0.29),(15.48 ± 0.43) pg · mL-1;(2.23 ± 0.14),(5.63 ± 0.48) ng · mL-1 with significant different (P ＜ 0.01).Conclusion It is found that ethanol-soluble portion might be one of the bioactive component of Liuwei Dihaung Decoction to improve kidney Yin deficiency,and it mainly contains loganin,morroniside,sweroside and paeoniflorin.Its function mechanism of tonifying kidney may be related to the regulation of cAMP content and the levels of hormones in the HPG axis.

Exosome is a kind of extracellular vesicles secreted by cells to the outside. Biogenesis mainly involves two invaginations of the cytoplasmic membrane, the formation of multivesicular bodies, and the release of exosomes. Exosomes have abundant and diverse inclusions—including landmark membrane proteins, soluble proteins, various RNA molecules and DNA fragments, etc. Cells can achieve intercellular signal communication by secreting and receiving exosomes. Through interaction of ligand molecules on the exosome membrane with receptors on the surface of other cytoplasmic membranes, exosomes can activate cell signal transduction or fuse with the cell membrane to release its contents into the cytoplasm to exert regulatory functions. In the central nervous system, exosomes secreted by neurons and various glial cells can mediate wired synaptic signal transmission, but mainly play a role similar to neuromodulator by way of volume transmission. In this paper, the biogenesis of exosomes and important functional components are described in detail, and the characteristics of neural exosomes in the biogenesis, content sorting and controlled release are compared with those of synaptic vesicles. We further review the research progress on the physiological functions of neural exosomes on the central nervous system and their roles in the occurrence and development of neurodegenerative diseases and major depressive disorder. We also prospect the application of exosomes in the early diagnosis and targeted therapy of nervous system diseases.

The concept of "Quality by design" indicates that good design for the whole life cycle of pharmaceutical production enables the drug to meet the expected quality requirements. Aiming at the existing problems of the traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) industry, the TCM standardization system was put forward in this paper from the national strategic level, under the guidance by the idea of quality control in international manufacturing industry and with considerations of TCM industry's own characteristics and development status. The connotation of this strategy was to establish five interrelated systems: multi-indicators system based on tri-indicators system, quality standard and specification system of TCM herbal materials and decoction pieces, quality traceability system, data monitoring system based on whole-process quality control, and whole-process quality management system of TCM, and achieve the whole process systematic and scientific study in TCM industry through "top-level design-implement in steps-system integration" workflow. This article analyzed the correlation between the quality standards of all links, established standard operating procedures of each link and whole process, and constructed a high standard overall quality management system for TCM industry chains, in order to provide a demonstration for the establishment of TCM whole-process quality control system and provide systematic reference and basis for standardization strategy in TCM industry.

AIM To investigate the effects of total Astragalus saponins on the improvement of sarcopenia in a rat model of type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2DM).METHODS The rats were divided into the normal group for a normal feeding and the model group for the feeding of high-sugar and high-fat diet combined with intraperitoneal injection of STZ to establish a T2DM model.The successful model rats were randomly divided into the model group,the metformin group(0.2 g/kg)and the total Astragalus saponins group(80 mg/kg),and given corresponding doses of drugs by gavage.After 12 weeks administration,the rats had their FBG,postprandial blood glucose(PG2h)and wet weight of skeletal muscle measured;their serum levels of INS,C-peptide(C-P),IGF-1,TNF-α and IL-1β detected by ELISA;their morphological changes of skeletal muscle observed by HE staining;their protein expressions of PI3K,p-Akt,mTOR,S6K1,FoxO1 and Murf1 in skeletal muscle detected by Western blot;and their mRNA expressions of Pi3k,Akt and mtor in skeletal muscle detected by RT-qPCR method.RESULTS Compared with the model group,the total Astragalus saponins group displayed decreased levels of FBG,PG2h,OGTT-AUC,HOMA-IR,TNF-α and IL-1β(P＜0.01);increased levels of INS,C-P,IGF-1 and wet weight of skeletal muscle(P＜0.05,P＜0.01);improved skeletal muscle atrophy and increased protein expressions of PI3K,p-Akt,mTOR and S6K1 in skeletal muscle(P＜0.05,P＜0.01);decreased protein expressions of FoxO1 and Murf1(P＜0.05,P＜0.01);and increased mRNA expressions of Pi3k,Akt and mtor(P＜0.01).CONCLUSION The improvement effects of total Astragalus saponins on sarcopenia in T2DM rats may be associated with the regulation of PI3K/Akt/mTOR and PI3K/Akt/FoxO1 pathways.

Aim To investigate the effects of combined administration of loganin and berberine on bone structure and metabolism in diabetic mice and its potential mechanism.Methods The diabetic ICR mouse model was induced by high fat diet(HFD).After 10 weeks of combined intervention, the effects of loganin and berberine on body weight, body fat rate, blood glucose, blood lipid and serum oxidative stress levels were observed.Bone microstructure was scanned by micro-CT.Biomechanical characteristics of bone were measured by three-point bending test, and material properties were detected by fourier transform infrared(FTIR).The pathological changes were observed by HE and TRAP staining.Protein expressions involved in advanced glycation end products(AGEs)and their receptors(RAGE)/nuclear factor-κB(NF-κB)signaling pathway were detected by immunohistochemistry.Results The combined administration of loganin and berberine could significantly inhibit the weight gain, reduce the levels of blood glucose, blood lipid and oxidative stress, as well as improve glucose tolerance.In addition, combined intervention also decreased the expression levels of the proteins involved in AGEs/RAGE/NF-κB signaling pathway, and improved bone microstructure, finally contributing to increasing bone quality in diabetic mice.Conclusions The combination of loganin and berberine could improve bone metabolism in diabetic mice, which may be related to AGEs/RAGE/NF-κB signaling pathway.

BACKGROUNDShensong Yangxin (SSYX), a traditional Chinese herbal medicine, has long been used clinically to treat arrhythmias in China. However, the mechanism of SSYX on atrial fibrillation (AF) is unknown. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that the effect of SSYX on the progression of paroxysmal AF is correlated with the regulation of autonomic nerve activity.

METHODSEighteen mongrel dogs were randomly divided into control group (n = 6), pacing group (n = 6), and pacing + SSYX group (n = 6). The control group was implanted with pacemakers without pacing; the pacing group was implanted with pacemakers with long-term intermittent atrial pacing; the pacing + SSYX group underwent long-term intermittent atrial pacing and SSYX oral administration.

RESULTSCompared to the pacing group, the parameters of heart rate variability were lower after 8 weeks in the pacing + SSYX group (low-frequency [LF] component: 20.85 ± 3.14 vs. 15.3 ± 1.89 ms 2 , P = 0.004; LF component/high-frequency component: 1.34 ± 0.33 vs. 0.77 ± 0.15, P < 0.001). The atrial effective refractory period (AERP) was shorter and the dispersion of the AERP was higher after 8 weeks in the pacing group, while the changes were suppressed by SSYX intake. The dogs in the pacing group had more episodes and longer durations of AF than that in the pacing + SSYX group. SSYX markedly inhibited the increase in sympathetic nerves and upregulation of tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-6 expression in the pacing + SSYX group. Furthermore, SSYX suppressed the decrease of acetylcholine and α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor protein induced by long-term intermittent atrial pacing.

CONCLUSIONSSSYX substantially prevents atrial electrical remodeling and the progression of AF. These effects of SSYX may have association with regulating the imbalance of autonomic nerve activity and the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway.

Acetylcholine ; blood ; Animals ; Atrial Fibrillation ; drug therapy ; metabolism ; Autonomic Pathways ; drug effects ; Blotting, Western ; Dogs ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; therapeutic use ; Electrophysiology ; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay ; Heart Rate ; drug effects ; Immunohistochemistry ; Interleukin-6 ; blood ; Models, Animal ; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha ; blood ; alpha7 Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor ; blood