To make a preliminary study on the mechanism of Coptidis Rhizoma(CR) and Rehmanniae Radix(RR) before and after the combined administration in treating type II diabetes mellitus. The type I diabetes animal model in rats was established by fat emulsion and intraperitoneal injection with streptozotocin, in order to compare the hpyerglycemic and hypolipidemic effects of CR, RR and their combined administration of different ratio. The urinary metabolic profiling in rats of Coptidis Rhizoma and Rehmanniae Radix before and after the combined administration was analyzed by using the gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The differences among groups in metabolome were analyzed by the principal component analysis (PCA). The biochemical index results indicated that both CR and RR before and after the combined administration could lower high blood glucose, hypertriglyceride and high cholesterol. According to the analytical results of PCA of the rats' urine samples, the CR group was the most close to the normal group, with no significant difference in CR and RR group of different combination ratios. Twelve differentiated metabolites were identified to be related to type II diabetes. Compared with the normal group, the CR-treated group showed significant increase in seven differentiated metabolites. Among CR and RR drugs with different combination ratios, CR played a major role and thus acted as the monarch drug. Whereas RR served as the ministerial drug and assisted CR to show the efficacy. This study laid a foundation for the explanation of the combination mechanism of traditional Chinese medicines.
Animals ; Blood Glucose ; metabolism ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 ; blood ; drug therapy ; urine ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; pharmacology ; therapeutic use ; Male ; Rats ; Rats, Wistar ; Rehmannia ; chemistry

Objective To evaluate the feasibility of composite material of bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) and PLGA/TCP in repair of peri-porous-titanium bone defects in adult rabbits.Meth- otis The composite of PLGA/TCP scaffold with bovine BMP was made and implanted in distal bone de- fects peri-porous-titanium in femur of adult rabbits.The effect of BMP with PLGA/TCP on peri-prosthesis was evaluated by means of scanning electron microscope (SEM),energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX) and biomechanics.Results BMP with PLGA/TCP showed obvious peak of Ca and P of EDX in the pores of titanium in experiment group six weeks after operation and higher than that in control group (P＜0.05).Push-out test demonstrated that the bonding strength between the composite of HA coating/ porous titanium and bone was increased significantly with time (P＜0.05).In experiment group,at 6 and 12 weeks,peri-porous-titanium had higher shearing force compared with control group (P＜0.05). Conclusion BMP loaded with PLGA/TCP is a promising bone graft for bone defects in revision arthro- plasty,as indicates that bone induction of BMP plays an important role in biological stabilizaiton.

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the effort between antisense RNA probe and random primed DNA probe. METHODS: The in situ hybridization was conducted on parafin section from wounding model of rat skin. RESULTS: Although both probes appeared positive staining, RNA probes was superior to DNA probes in terms of depth of staining and background. CONCLUSION RNA probe showed more satisfactorily on ISH.
Animals ; DNA, Antisense ; Digoxigenin ; Fibronectins/genetics* ; In Situ Hybridization/methods* ; RNA Probes ; RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis* ; Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA Technique/methods* ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Skin/pathology*

The biological characters of Sindbis virus strain of Yunnan(YN87448 strain) were studied by the test of the filtration, acid-resistant, ether-resistant, CPE, susceptibility of animal, HA, plague, determination of virus titres, and the cross-HI, cross-IFAT and PRNT as well.The results indicated that YN87448 strain belongs to Sindbis virus, Alphavirus, Togaviridae. YN87448 strain virus was plaque purified(PYN87448). The biological character of PYN87448 strain virus was studied too. PYN87448 strain virus will be used in the molecule biological test.

BACKGROUNDIn recent years, the prevalence of type 2 diabetes among Chinese population has been increasing by years, directly leading to an average annual growth rate of 19.90% of medical expenditure. Therefore, it is urgent to work on strategies to control the growth of medical expenditure on type 2 diabetes on the basis of the reality of China. Therefore, in this study, we explored the feasibility of implementing bundled payment in China through analyzing bundled payment standards of type 2 diabetes outpatient services.

METHODSThis study analyzed the outpatient expenditure on type 2 diabetes with Beijing Urban Employee's Basic Medical Insurance from 2010 to 2012. Based on the analysis of outpatient expenditure and its influential factors, we adopted decision tree approach to conduct a case-mix analysis. In the end, we built a case-mix model to calculate the standard expenditure and the upper limit of each combination.

RESULTSWe found that age, job status, and whether with complication were significant factors that influence outpatient expenditure for type 2 diabetes. Through the analysis of the decision tree, we used six variables (complication, age, diabetic foot, diabetic nephropathy, cardiac-cerebrovascular disease, and neuropathy) to group the cases, and obtained 11 case-mix groups.

CONCLUSIONSWe argued that it is feasible to implement bundled payment on type 2 diabetes outpatient services. Bundled payment is effective to control the increase of outpatient expenditure. Further improvements are needed for the implementation of bundled payment reimbursement standards, together with relevant policies and measures.

Aged ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 ; economics ; Female ; Health Expenditures ; standards ; Humans ; Insurance, Health, Reimbursement ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Outpatients

OBJECTIVETo investigate the quantity and function of circulating dendritic cells (DC) in patients with chronic idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP).

METHODSHigh dose dexamethasone (HD-DXM) at a dose of 40 mg orally per day for four consecutive days was the initial treatment for chronic ITP patients. Flow cytometry was used to analyze the number of myeloid DC (mDC), plasma cytoid DC (pDC) and CD4+FOXP3+ T cells in patients before and after the treatment, meanwhile the co-stimulatory molecules on circulating DCs were assayed as well. Monocyte-derived DCs and CD4+ T cells were co-cultured with autologous or allogeneic normal fresh platelets and after 6 days of incubation H-TdR was used to assay the proliferation of CD4+ T cells.

RESULTSThe absolute numbers of circulating mDC and pDC were not significantly different between pre-treatment patients and healthy controls (P > 0.05 and P >0.05). However, percentage of CD4+ FOXP3+ T cells was decreased (P < 0.01), and their percentage was inversely correlated with the number of pDC and mDC (r = -0.396, P =0.045 and r = -0.410, P =0.037). The initial response rate to HD-DXM was 92.3%. After 4-days treatment, CD4 FOXP3+ Treg cells increased (P <0.01) while pDCs decreased (P <0.01). Although mDCs increased after HD-DXM (P <0.05), their CD11c expression level was decreased (P < 0.01), the mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) decreased from 340 +/- 30 before treatment to 199 +/- 21 after treatment. The inverse correlation between pDCs and CD4+ FOXP3+ Treg cells remained (r= -0.524, P =0.006) while that between mDCs and Treg cells disappeared (r = - 0.360, P =0.071). The MFI of CD86 on DCs was higher in ITP patients than in healthy controls (P <0.05), while the proportions of CD86, CD40, CD80 and the MFI of CD40, CD80 in ITP patients were normal (P > 0.05). DCs from chronic ITP patients co-cultured with autologous or allogeneic platelets were highly efficient in stimulating autologous CD4+ T cells proliferaton as compared to those derived from healthy donors (P < 0.05 and P <0.05).

CONCLUSIONDCs may play a role in the pathogenesis of chronic ITP in relation with CD4+CD25+ Treg cells.

Adult ; CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes ; immunology ; Dendritic Cells ; immunology ; metabolism ; pathology ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Purpura, Thrombocytopenic, Idiopathic ; blood ; immunology

OBJECTIVETo investigate the dynamic correlation between pre-S1 antigen, pre-S2 antigen and HBV DNA in the serum of chronic hepatitis B (CHB) patients undergoing nucleoside analogue therapy.

METHODS12 CHB patients with transient virological response after lamivudine treatment, and 20 patients treated with adefovir for 5 years were recruited in this study. Serum samples were collected at four time points when HBV DNA fluctuated sharply during lamivudine treatment, and at 0, 8, 12, 28, 52, 104, 156, 208, 260 weeks following adefovir treatment. HBV DNA was quantified by real-time PCR, pre-S1 and pre-S2 antigens were detected by ELISA.

RESULTSThe titers of pre-S1 and pre-S2 antigens were not correlated with the HBV DNA level in the serum of lamivudine treated patients. Only in one case of the adfovir treated patients, the decrease of pre-S1 and pre-S2 antigens was in parallel with the decrease of HBV DNA. Linear regression analysis indicated that neither pre-S1 antigen nor pre-S2 antigen was correlated with HBV DNA in the serum of lamivudine or adfovir treated patients (P more than 0.05).

CONCLUSIONOur results indicate that the titers of pre-S1 and pre-S2 antigens are not correlated with the serum HBV DNA in CHB patients undergoing nucleoside analogue therapy. Neither pre-S1 nor pre-S2 is a good predictor for the outcome of nucleoside analogue treatment.

DNA, Viral ; blood ; Hepatitis B virus ; genetics ; Hepatitis B, Chronic ; drug therapy ; Humans ; Lamivudine ; therapeutic use ; Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction

To solve the issues of costly planting of facility cultivation method and inferior efficacy than wild herbs of Dendrobium officinale, the cliff epiphytic cultivation method was studied. To research the growth, agronomic traits, yield, polysaccharide and alcohol-soluble extract contents were measured on the D. officinale from different water regulation and cliff slope gradients treatments. The results showed that D. officinale epiphytic at 85 degrees-90 degrees cliff and sprayed water 1-2 h x d(-1) at the growing season can get better growth and obtain high yield, and the morphology has no different from wild cliff D. officinale, even in the environments without shade. The contents of polysaccharide and alcohol-soluble extract are closely related to the physiological ages, but significantly higher than the facility cultivation. It is possible that environmental stresses benefit the accumulation of polysaccharides, alcohol-soluble extract and other efficient ingredients.
Agriculture ; methods ; Dendrobium ; chemistry ; growth & development ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; analysis ; Polysaccharides ; analysis ; Water ; analysis

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the expression of c-fos in rats' skin during wound healing. METHODS: Immunohistochemistry was conducted on paraffin section from incised wounding model of rat skin. RESULTS: Fos protein improved from the time of 10 min after wounding in the wound edge, then it reached peak at 3 h. 24 h after injury, the quantity of Fos expression had no difference with that of normal skin. CONCLUSION Fos is sensitive after wound, but should be used with other criteria in wounding interval estimation as it's unstediness.
Animals ; Genes, Immediate-Early ; Immunohistochemistry ; Male ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos/biosynthesis* ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Skin/metabolism* ; Time Factors ; Wounds and Injuries/metabolism*

An experimental model of reproducible focal cerebral contusions in rats was made by a free-drop impacting right hemisphere. The expression of fibronectin and its mRNA after cerebral contusion were detected respectively by immunohistochemical staining and in situ hybridization. Results indicated that the expression of fibronectin and its mRNA increased after injury, and there existed a relationship between increased fibronectin and its mRNA and different intervals after brain injury. It is inferred that the expression of fibronectin and its mRNA can be used for timing of brain injuries and distinguishing antemortem and postmortem brain contusions.
Animals ; Brain Injuries/metabolism* ; Fibronectins/biosynthesis* ; Immunohistochemistry ; In Situ Hybridization ; Male ; Postmortem Changes ; RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis* ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Time Factors