OBJECTIVETo describe the pitfalls in positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) imaging and classify them according to the principles of their generation.

METHODSWe summarized retrospectively the 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDP) PET/CT imaging pitfalls through reviewing the PET/CT images of 872 patients. The pitfalls were divided into artifacts and infrequent physiological uptake, and the artifacts were further classified according to their causes. Meanwhile, we calculated the incidences of various pitfalls. Whether the PET/CT pitfalls influenced the diagnostic decision was analyzed. The appearances of pitfalls in PET were also described.

RESULTSPitfalls could be found in PET/CT images of 684 (78.4%) patients. Artifacts were found in 664 (76.15%) patients, and could be classified into self-factor artifacts and equipment- or technology-related artifacts. Among self-factor artifacts, respiratory motion (57.5%), postprandial or hyperglycemia artifacts (2.41%), and metal or high density matter artifacts (1.38%) were frequent. As for equipment- or technology-related factors, injection point outleakage or radiotracer contamination (13.88%) and truncation artifacts (1.83%) were most common ones. Infrequent physiological FDG uptakes, including fatty uptake, endometrial uptake, and bilateral breast feeding period uptake, were found in 20 (2.29%) patients. Among all pitfalls, the artifacts in 92 (13.4%) patients and infrequent physiological uptakes in 6 (0.88%) patients affected the diagnostic results. Artifact images in PET could be described as hot or cold area and the images of infrequent physiological uptake were always shown as hot area.

CONCLUSIONSThe incidence of pitfall in PET/CT imaging was high and the causes of pitfalls are various. Among all causes that artifacts generated, respiratory motion is the most common. Some pitfalls may disturb clinical physicians' decision, so it is important to recognize artifacts and physiological uptake, and distinguish them from pathological uptakes.

Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Artifacts ; Breast Feeding ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Diagnostic Errors ; statistics & numerical data ; Drug Contamination ; Endometrium ; metabolism ; Fatty Acids ; metabolism ; Female ; Fluorodeoxyglucose F18 ; Humans ; Hyperglycemia ; Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted ; Infant ; Injections, Intravenous ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Movement ; Positron-Emission Tomography ; Respiration ; Young Adult

OBJECTIVETo understand the pollution rates of vibrio cholera (V. cholera) in different seafood, aquatic products and their circulatory processes, so as to help making measures for cholera control and prevention.

METHODSDifferent seafood, aquatic products and breed water specimen collected from 12 provinces of China were tested from July to September in 2005.

RESULTA total of 12 104 samples of seafood and aquatic products were tested and the average pollution rate of vibrio cholera was 0.52%. The positive isolate rate of turtle sample (1.72%) was the highest among all samples. The second higher isolated rate was 1.14% in water specimen of turtle breed pool. The positive rate of bullfrog was 0.50%. The percentage of toxin strains was 47.54% and 79.31% of them were isolated from turtle and water samples of turtle breed pool. The important sector of the pollution of vibrio cholera was in turtle breed pool (2.38%).

CONCLUSIONThe average pollution rate of vibrio cholera in seafood and aquatic products in 12 provinces of China was low. It should be very necessary to supervise the sanitation in turtle breed for controlling and preventing the vibrio cholera.

Animals ; China ; Female ; Fishes ; microbiology ; Food Contamination ; analysis ; prevention & control ; statistics & numerical data ; Male ; Seafood ; microbiology ; Seawater ; analysis ; Turtles ; microbiology ; Vibrio cholerae ; isolation & purification

OBJECTIVETo investigate the relationship of (TAAAA)n repeat polymorphism in the promoter of the sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) gene and SHBG serum levels to the glucose metabolic status of Chinese polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) patients in Shandong province.

METHODSGeneScan method was used to detect and identify (TAAAA)n repeat number (alleles) and genotypes for 156 controls and 157 patients who were divided into normal glucose tolerance without hyperinsulinemia (NIR group) and with hyperinsulinemia (HI group) and abnormal glucose metabolic (AGM) group according to the results of oral glucose test and insulin resistant test; IRMA was used to measure serum SHBG for part of them.

RESULTSFive alleles containing (TAAAA) 6-10 repeats and 14 genotypes including 6/6, 6/7, 6/8, 6/9, 6/10, 7/7, 7/8, 7/9, 7/10, 8/8, 8/9, 8/10, 9/9, 9/10 repeats genotypes were present in the subjects. Genotype distribution of 6/10 repeats genotype is lower in PCOS than that in control, and 8/9 repeats genotype vice versa (P < 0.01); among PCOS subgroups, the eight repeat genotypes in NIR group is more frequent than that in HI group (P < 0.01), and 7/9 genotype distribution in AGM group is higher than that in NIR group and HI group(P < 0.05-0.01). The serum SHBG levels in homozygous genotype groups exhibit a sequence of 8/8 > 9/9 > 6/6, 7/7 repeats and the fall of serum SHBG trend is in reversed relation with the increase in body mass index (BMI), Homa-IR, and blood pressure. Serum SHBG levels in AGM exhibit a sequence of HI group < NIR group < control but show no statistical difference between both groups.

CONCLUSIONThis study reveals that the repeat number, alleles, genotypes and their distributions in Chinese women are very different from these in foreigners. Some special genotypes and low serum SHBG levels may be associated with PCOS and its glucose metabolic status; some special genotypes may influence Chinese serum SHBG and need more studies, but both SHBG gene polymorphism genotype and serum SHBG are not good indicators to find out the PCOS individual at high risk.

Adult ; Asian Continental Ancestry Group ; genetics ; Base Sequence ; Blood Glucose ; metabolism ; Case-Control Studies ; Female ; Genetic Predisposition to Disease ; Glucose ; metabolism ; Humans ; Polycystic Ovary Syndrome ; blood ; ethnology ; genetics ; Polymorphism, Genetic ; Promoter Regions, Genetic ; Repetitive Sequences, Nucleic Acid ; genetics ; Sex Hormone-Binding Globulin ; genetics ; metabolism

OBJECTIVETo observe therapeutic effect of colon purification on hepatic encephalopathy.

METHODS117 patients with hepatic encephalopathy treated in our hospital were randomly divided into the treatment group (59 cases) and the control group (58 cases). Routine anti-coma hepaticum treatments were carried out in both treatment and control groups, and colon purification treatment was performed in the treatment group on basis of routine anti-coma hepaticum. The changes in symptoms and signs were observed, the grading scores of hepatic encephalopathy were evaluated, liver function was tested and blood ammonia level was determined before and after treatment in the two groups. Time for regaining consciousness was recorded after treatment in the two groups.

RESULTSThe symptoms and signs were obviously improved, time for regaining consciousness was shortened, the grading scores decreased, and serum aminotransferase activity and bilirubin level and blood ammonia level significantly decreased in the treatment group as compared with those of the control group. Total effective rate in the treatment was significantly higher than that in the control group and death rate in the treatment group was significantly lower than that in the control group.

CONCLUSIONColon purification treatment is effective for hepatic encephalopathy due to cirrhosis.

Adult ; Aged ; Colon ; physiopathology ; Female ; Hepatic Encephalopathy ; therapy ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Sorption Detoxification

OBJECTIVETo investigate the serologic type, phage-biotype and toxic factor of Vibrio cholerae isolated from different sea products, analyze the relation between the Vibrio cholerae in sea products and cholera epidemiology, and provide references for forecasting cholera epidemic situation and drawing out a preventing plan.

METHODThe biotype of strains isolated was analyzed by using type and phage-biotype serological methods. The toxic gene was detected by PCR.

RESULTSThe constituent ratio of V. cholerae O139, Ogawa and Inaba were, respectively, 48.44%, 20.31% and 31.25% in 64 strains of V. cholerae. The result of phage-biotype showed that the 26 strains of V. cholerae O1 were all non-epidemic strains. The result of toxic gene detecting showed that positive rate of V. cholerae O139 was higher than those of Ogawa and Inaba.

CONCLUSIONThe positive rate of toxic gene in V. cholerae O139 was high and the V. cholerae O139 was mainly in turtle, breed aquatics water and crustacean, so these sea products were the important sectors in cholera prevention and control.

Animals ; Bacteriophage Typing ; DNA, Bacterial ; genetics ; Seafood ; microbiology ; Serotyping ; Vibrio cholerae ; classification ; genetics ; isolation & purification ; Vibrio cholerae O1 ; isolation & purification ; Vibrio cholerae O139 ; isolation & purification

Objective:To explore the abnormal gray matter volume regions of brain and the developmental characteristic of abnormal regions in patients with high functioning autism during 6-18 years old.Methods:The study enrolled 19 patients and 16 age,sex and intelligent quotient matched normal controls.The patients met the diagnostic criteria of autism in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders,Fourth Edition.The full scale intelligence quotients of patients and normal controls were greater than or equal to 70.The magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was used to collected brain images.Voxel-based morphometry was used to process the MRI images and two sample t-test in Statistical Parametric Mapping-8 (SPM8) was used to analyze differences between the two groups in gray matter volume of brain.The results were controlled with false discovery rate (FDR) multiple comparison correction (P ＜ 0.05).Partial correlative analysis was performed to examine correlation between gray matter volume of abnormal brain region and age in two groups.Results:Compared with normal controls,patients with high functioning autism during 6-18 years old exhibited smaller gray matter volume at right inferior orbital frontal (P ＜ 0.05,FDR corrected).In patients with high functioning autism,the volume of right inferior orbital frontal was negatively correlated with age(r =0.70,P ＜0.01).The negative correlation between the volume of right inferior orbital frontal and age was also found in normal controls(r =-0.59,P ＜ 0.05).Conclusion:It suggests that right inferior orbital frontal of brain is abnormal in patients with high functioning autism during 6-18 years old.The fight inferior orbital frontal may be significant for pathological mechanism of autism.

To clone human interleukin-26 (hIL-26) and express it in E. coli efficiently. Two pairs of primers were synthesized according to the hIL-26 gene reported on GenBank. The hIL-26 gene was cloned by nest PCR following the first round RT-PCR from human peripherial blood monocytes total RNA, and then the PCR product was cloned into pMD18-T vector. Colony PCR, restriction analysis and sequence analysis showed that the gene cloned was the same as the reported hIL-26. The recombinant was cut with BamHI and EcoR I to obtain the hIL-26 fragment, and then the fragment was inserted into pBV220 which was cut with the same enzymes. The recombinant expression vector was induced to express hIL-26 at 42 degrees C, SDS-PAGE analysis showed that the recombinant protein accounted for up to 20% of the whole protein of E. coli, and the protein was also confirmed by Western blotting. Purity of the protein was found to be above 90% after purified with molecular sieve. After renaturalized with glutathione buffer, the promoting effect of it on the production of IFN-y in PBMC was detected by RT-PCR. A recombinant bacterial strain for expressing hIL-26 with biological activity was constructed successfully.
Cloning, Molecular ; Escherichia coli ; genetics ; metabolism ; Humans ; Interleukins ; biosynthesis ; genetics ; Recombinant Proteins ; biosynthesis ; genetics ; Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction

China ; Genetic Testing ; Glucosephosphate Dehydrogenase ; genetics ; Glucosephosphate Dehydrogenase Deficiency ; genetics ; prevention & control ; Humans ; Mutation

An efficient method of ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled with linear ion trap-Orbitrap (UHPLC-LTQ-Orbitrap) mass spectrometer was established to elucidate the metabolites of tanshinone Ⅰ and tanshinone ⅡA in rats. Urine and plasma samples were collected after oral gavage. After processing biological sample by solid phase extraction, Waters ACQUITY HPLC BEH C₁₈ column (2.1 mm×100 mm, 1.7 μm) was used with 0.1% formic acid (A) - acetonitrile (B) solution as the mobile phase for gradient elution. The plasma, urine and the blank samples were then analyzed by ESI-LTQ-Orbitrap equipped with an ESI ion source under positive ion mode. On the basis of the accurate mass measurements, multiple mass spectra and comparison of data with published literature, a total of 26 metabolites were tentatively identified and characterized in the rat samples. Among them, 7 metabolites were derived from tanshinone Ⅰ through metabolic pathways of glucuronide conjugation, hydroxylation, reduction reaction, demethylation reaction, methylation, sulfate conjugation and their composite reactions. Nineteen metabolites were derived from tanshinone ⅡA through metabolic pathways of hydroxylation, reduction reaction, methylation, sulfate conjugation, glucuronidation, glucosylation and their complicated reactions. The results showed that the metabolism of tanshinone Ⅰ and tanshinone ⅡA in rats could be comprehensively clarified by using UHPLC-LTQ-Orbitrap mass spectrometer, providing material basis for the further research in terms of pharmacodynamics, toxicology, and secondary development of Chinese medicine.
Animals ; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ; Diterpenes, Abietane ; blood ; metabolism ; urine ; Rats

Objective: To analyze the mortality trend and characteristics of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) among residents in China from 2004 to 2020. Methods: From the area, gender, region, and age dimensions, the Joinpoint regression model was used to analyze the trend of COPD mortality rate from 2004 to 2020, extracted from the China Death Surveillance Dataset. Results: From 2004 to 2020, the mortality rate and age-adjusted mortality rate of COPD showed a downward trend (AAPC=-3.68%, P<0.001; AAPC=-7.27%, P<0.001), which were consistent with urban and rural subpopulations (mortality rate: AAPC=-3.62%, P=0.009, AAPC=-3.23%, P=0.014; age-adjusted mortality rate: AAPC=-7.26%, P<0.001, AAPC=-6.78%, P<0.001). The mortality rate of COPD in rural was higher than that of urban subpopulations (P<0.001). Also, the mortality rate and age-adjusted mortality rate of COPD showed a downward trend in males and females (mortality rate: AAPC=-3.00%, P<0.001, AAPC=-4.37%, P<0.001; age-adjusted mortality rate: AAPC=-6.73%, P<0.001, AAPC=-8.11%, P<0.001), and the COPD mortality rate for male was generally higher than female (P<0.001). Meanwhile, the mortality rate of COPD in eastern, central and western regions also showed a downward trend (AAPC=-3.87%, P<0.001; AAPC=-3.12%, P<0.001; AAPC=-1.37%, P=0.001), and western regions were significantly higher than that in central (P<0.001) and eastern (P<0.001) regions. The mortality rate of COPD in the age group of Chinese people showed a downward trend in<45, 45-59, and≥60 years groups (AAPC=-9.48%, P<0.001; AAPC=-9.03%, P<0.001; AAPC=-5.91%, P<0.001). Among them,≥60 years groups was significantly higher than that in<45 (P<0.001) and 45-59 (P<0.001) years groups, and the decline rate was slowest. Conclusion: In China, the mortality rate of COPD decreases from 2004 to 2020, and more efforts are needed to reduce COPD mortality, especially in western regions, rural populations, males and the elderly.
Aged ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Asian People ; China/epidemiology* ; Mortality ; Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive ; Rural Population ; Urban Population ; Adult