In recent years, premature birth rate has increased due to the development of medical technology and the change of socioeconomic environment.In order to reduce the possibilities of extrauterine growth retardation and neural development retardation among premature infants, nutrition support should be fully paid attention to in clinical settings.Currently, nutritional intervention for premature infants mainly adopts enteral or parenteral nutrition.Parenteral nutrition is prescribed according to the recommended value in China Neonatal Nutrition Support Application Guide, individualized for premature infants.Enteral nutrition commonly uses breast milk, milk supplements, premature infant formula milk, hydrolyzed protein milk and formula milk after discharge.In this review, we summarized the clinical application of nutritional intervention in premature infants.

Objective To explore the change of dietary intake and nutritional status before and after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) in pediatric patients to assess the importance of nutritional interventions.Methods In this observational cohort study,65 children undergoing HSCT between January 2012 and November 2012 in the Department of Hematology and Oncology,Shanghai Children's Medical Center were enrolled.The data collected before preconditioning were considered as the baseline data.We also collected data twice a week between preconditioning and 30 days after HSCT,and once a week from 30 days to 100 days after HSCT.Dietary analysis and urea nitrogen analysis were conducted in parallel.Results The baseline level of energy intake was (5 844.9 ±2 490.4) kJ/d,protein intake was (56.4 ±28.6) g/d,fat intake was (49.7 ±38.9) g/d,and carbohydrate intake was (190.9 ± 91.1) g/d.With the hematopoietic reconstruction,the oral nutrients intake significantly decreased compared with the baseline levels (all P =0.000).During the recovery period after HSCT,the energy intake showed no significant difference when compared with the baseline level in the 6th postoperative week,protein in the 13th week,carbohydrate in the 4th week,and fat in the 6th week.The urine nitrogen was (3.9 ± 2.4) g/d before HSCT,which increased to (16.7 ± 11.0) g/d after preconditioning (P=0.000).In the 1st postoperative week,the weight (P =0.000),triceps skin fold thickness (P =0.003),mid-upper arm circumference (P =0.000),serum albumin (P =0.000) and prealbumin (P =0.000) of the patients all significantly decreased compared with the baseline levels.In the 9th postoperative week,the fat-free body weight percentage (P =0.010),muscle percentage (P =0.001) and protein percentage (P =0.000) were significantly lower than the baseline levels,while the body fat percentage was higher than the baseline level (P =0.002).Conclusions Children undergoing HSCT exhibit a marked reduction in nutrient intakes at the early stage of HSCT,which may gradually return normal during the recovery period.This process may be slow,especially for the protein,and therefore may affect the serum protein level in these pediatric patients.Thus,more careful nutrition guidance is necessary during HSCT for pediatric patients,emphasizing oral nutrients intakes,and high protein dietary or formula may be helpful.

BACKGROUND:Currently, antisense oligonucleotides (AS-ODN) have a good prospect in gene therapy, but AS-ODN with smal molecular weight cannot easily enter into the cels, which is susceptible to nuclease degradation. Therefore, there is stil a lack of fundamental understanding about how to improve their transfection efficiency, and target-based transferring. OBJECTIVE:To investigate whether a weak cationic and phosphorylcholine-containing diblock copolymer (MPC30-DEA70) can act as a carrier system to deliver a chemicaly synthesized transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) AS-ODN into myocardial cels. METHODS: MPC30-DEA70 was compounded with TGF-β1 AS-ODN at various N/P ratios and the MPC30-DEA70/TGF-β1 AS-ODN complexes were characterized by DNA electrophoresis. MTT assay was used to observe the biocompatibility. Confocal laser scanning microscope was used to observe the distribution and location of MPC30- DEA70/TGF-β1 AS-ODN in cells. Flow cytometry was used to detect the transfection efficiency and fluorescence intensity of MPC30-DEA70/TGF-β1 AS-ODN in cells. Western blot and RT-PCR methods were employed to measure the expression of TGF-β1 in cells. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Cell growth inhibition showed that the MPC30-DEA70 had low cytotoxicity to myocardial cells within the effective transfection dosage range (< 20 mg/L). Data from the flow cytometry test indicated a clear trend of increasing transfection efficiency with the increasing of N/P ratios. At high N/P ratios, the expression levels of TGF-β1 mRNA and protein in myocardial cells were significantly lower. This study shows that MPC30-DEA70 can work as an effective transgenic vector in myocardial cells. TGF-β1 AS-ODN can silence the expression of TGF-β1 gene efficiently and specially, and may antagonize TGF-β1-mediated biological function.

Objective To detect the role of miR-34a on macrophage inflammation and polarization under high glucose conditions.Methods Mouse macrophages were collected and cultured during high glucose for 3－28 days.RT-qPCR was used to detect the expression of miR-34a,iNOS,MCP-1 and Arg-1 mRNA.Then miR-34a was over-expressed or silenced,ELISA was used to detect the expression of IL-6,IL-1β,TNF-α and qRT-PCR was used to detect the expression of iNOS and MCP-1 mRNA.Western blot was used to detect the expres-sion of Notch1.Results Expression of miR-34a increased under high glucose conditions in RAW264.7 cells continuously.Over-expression of miR-34a promoted the expression of MCP-1 and iNOS observed by RT-qPCR and increased the expression of IL-6,IL-1β and TNF-α detected by ELISA.Further studies showed that siRNA-Notch1 down-regulated the expression of miR-34a,MCP-1,iNOS,IL-6,IL-1β and TNF-α.Conclusions Chronic high glucose condition stimulates the expression of miR-34a which promotes M1 macrophage polarization and releasing of pro-inflammatory factors.

Objective:This study aims to survey the changes of the nutritional status of the children with primary acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) using L-asparaginase (L-Asp) and evaluate the effect of Oral nutritional supplements (ONS) added high protein and medium-chain triglyceride (MCT)(FSMP) improving their nutritional status and clinical outcome.Methods:121 ALL patients receiving the L-Asp chemotherapy were randomized administered conventional low-fat formula (control group, 63 cases) and high protein and MCT FSMP (intervention group, 58 cases). We recorded the one-week diet and performed dietary analysis. The changes of body weight and albumin were recorded on admission and discharge, and the body composition was determined, the nutritional status, number of hospitalization days, and medical costs were assessed.Results:ALL patients had lower intake than the guideline′s recommended value during chemotherapy. The control group was significantly lower in calorie intake and nutrients intake than the intervention group. Weight changes during chemotherapy were positivelycorrelated with calorie intake ( P=0.009), protein intake( P=0.014), and carbohydrate intake( P=0.003). Conclusions:ALL children have different degrees of weight loss and protein level decline during chemotherapy, and their nutritional status was closely related to nutritional intake.ONS is an important nutritional therapy. The appropriate addition of high protein and MCT FSMP can alleviate the loss of thin body weight and the decline of albumin in ALL children.

Objective:To analyze the paradigm and changes of enteral nutrition support for hospitalized children in Shanghai Children's Medical Center affiliated to School of Medicine of Shanghai, Jiao Tong University in last ten years, so as to provide guidance for nutritionists and dietitians on the application and management of enteral nutrition.Method:Relevant data were collected and analyzed from 2011 to 2020 in the Clinical Nutrition Department of Shanghai Children's Medical Center, including the implementation status of parenteral and enteral nutrition as well as the types and distribution of different enteral nutrition formulas and diet.Results:The Clinical Nutrition Department of our hospital provided seventy-five types of diet for hospitalized children. The utilization of ordinary diets and specialized diets has been stable at about 76,000 cases per year. In the past decade, twenty-one ordinary formulas and special formulas were provided every year by the Clinical Nutrition Department in our hospital and the utilization has been stable at 46,000 cases per year. The total consumption of ordinary formulas and the proportion of ordinary formulas users showed a descending trend. The proportion of specialized formulas users among discharged patients remained at 10%, with an upward trend in the proportion of high-calorie formulas and extensively-hydrolyzed formulas.Conclusions:The enteral nutrition formulas and inpatient diets are important components of nutritional treatment. The evolution of its clinical application to some extent reflects the changes of disease spectrum and the development of clinical disciplines. In short, the dietitians play a significant role in the nutrition support team.

The development of genetic testing technology has allowed the increasing diagnosis of inherited metabolic diseases. The principle of treatment of inherited metabolic diseases is to limit the intake of the substrates of a reaction that is impaired, reduce the accumulation of harmful metabolites, and replenish insufficient metabolites. Common inherited metabolic diseases include amino acid and peptide metabolism disorders, lipid and lipoprotein metabolism disorders, fatty acid and ketone metabolism disorders, carbohydrate metabolism disorders, and other metabolic disorders. Therefore, fine modification on the ratios of nutrients is required in the clinical nutrition treatment for such diseases. The commonly used approach is diet intervention. Here we report a case of a child with glucose transporter type 1 deficiency syndrome, who received the whole course nutritional management with dietary nutrient ratio modification, and discuss the role of ketogenic diet in this disease and its implementation. We aim to explore the significance of individualized dietary therapy in improving the prognosis and quality of life in children with inherited metabolic diseases.

Objective     To investigate the safety and feasibility of day surgery for patients with palmar hyperhidrosis based on the principles of enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS). Methods     We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of consecutive patients who underwent endoscopic thoracic sympathicotomy (ETS) in the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University from March 2020 to December 2021. Patients were divided into a day surgery group and a conventional group according to their perioperative management methods. The patients in the day surgery group underwent an optimized perioperative procedure under the guidance of ERAS, and were ventilated with a laryngeal or face mask during the operation. The patients in the conventional group completed the preoperative examination, operation and postoperative observation according to the conventional procedures, and were intubated with a single-lumen endotracheal tube. The demographic characteristics, operation time, hospital stay, postoperative complications, and hospitalization cost were compared between the two groups. Results     Finally 172 patients were collected, including 90 males and 82 females, with an average age of 25.97±7.43 years. There were 86 patients in each group. All patients ceased suffering from palmar sweating after surgery. No patient experienced massive bleeding or conversion to thoracotomy. There was no statistical difference in operation time between the two groups (P=0.534). Patients in the day surgery group were discharged within 24 hours. The average hospital stay in the conventional group was 2.09±0.41 days. Incidence of postoperative respiratory complications, and the hospitalization cost of the day surgery group were significantly lower than those of the conventional group (P<0.001). The satisfaction rate in both groups was greater than 95%. Conclusion     Day surgery for patients with palmar hyperhidrosis based on the principles of ERAS is safe and feasible, which can reduce postoperative complications, shorten the length of hospital stay and save the cost of hospitalization.