The CaV 2.3 encoded Ca2+ channel is one of the least well-known voltage-gated calcium channels in terms of physiology, pharmacology and clinical relevance. Epilepsy is a family of neurological disorders that are common and harmful to human health. More and more studies such as gene knock-out experiment have demonstrated that the channel is related to epileptic seizure, including participating to plateau potential generation, regulating intracellular Ca2+ concentration, CaV 2.3 splice variant, interacting with some muteins. In addition, some antiepileptic drugs inhibit the epileptiform discharges by targeting CaV 2.3 voltage-gated calcium channel.

Recent studies show that epileptic seizures result in mass free radical production and induce oxidative damage because of relative deficiency in anti-oxygen system.Mitochondrium is crucial to sustaining energy metabolism,regulating cell death,synthesising neurotransmitter and oxidating fatty acid.Mitochondrium is not only the place for free radical production,but also the target of oxidative damage.Mitochondrial oxidative stress and resultant dysfunction enhance epileptic susceptibility.Seizure-induced free radical can influence energy metabolism,destroy DNA construction and induce apoptosis in neurontoxic consequences in epilepsy.

The effects of glutamate transporters on synaptic plasticity in rat models of pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus were investigated. Male Wista rats ((304.06?13.79) g) were randomly divided into 5 groups, short-term seizures (SE) and its control (SC), long-term seizures (LE) and its control(LC), normal control (Sham) groups. Epilepsy rat models were induced by injection of pilocarpine(25 mg/kg, i.d.). Glutamate transporter inhibitor, DL-threo-benzyloxyaspartate (TBOA, 7.5 nmol,1 ?l) was microinjected into right side of hippocampus after 14 days of initial status epilepticus in SE and LE groups. The same volumes of artificial cerebrospinal fluid were injected into same side of hippocampus in SC and LC groups. Electroencephalographys (EEG) were detected in SE and SC groups after 2 h of drug injection. Long term potential (LTP) at perforant pathway and dentate gyrus(PP-DG) and EEG were recorded in LE and LC groups after two weeks of drug injection. Example of Fluoro-Jade-B staining in the rat brain was made at the end of electrophysiological experiment. The results showed that there was a significant decrease in theta band power of EEG in SE group compared with that of SC group (P 0.05). The slope of excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) was significantly increased in LE group compared with that of LC group (P

The Longhua Zhang's internal medicine,the famous clinical inheritance of Chinese medical schools in Shanghai,was well-known by their expert skills and high medical ethics during 370 years.This paper introduces the family origin and its academic characteristic.By studying the Shanghai local chronicles and the Longhua Zhang's genealogy,we learn how they innovating and improving the school.

BACKGROUND: It has been widely reported that the most types of cancer are probably originated from cancer stem cells (CSCs) which are subpopulations of tumor cells. Recent studies also suggested that lung cancer could arise from CSCs. However, the phenotypic characteristics of CSCs in lung cancer have not been precisely described.OBJECTIVE: To systematically analyze the expression of the most common CSC markers in cell line A549.METHODS: A549 cells were cultured for 1 week under the condition of conventional high glucose. After that, flow cytometry was used to assess the expression of putative stem cell markers, including CD133, CD24, CD44 and ABCG2.Cells were then sorted according to the expression of CD44 and CD24 markers by fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) and characterized using their sphere-forming capacity in serum free medium supplemented with several growth factors.RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: A549 cells expressed the CSC markers CD44 and CD24 at 64.23％ and 58.62％,whereas the expression of both ABCG2 and CD133 was around 0.9％. Double-positive CD44/133 populations were rare.CD44+/CD24+ and CD44+/CD24- subpopulations respectively exhibited 54.64％ and 23.38％ expression. CD44+/CD24+ and CD44+/CD24- subsets were sorted by FACS. Both isolated subpopulations formed spheres in the serum free medium supplemented with basic fibroblast growth factor and epidermal growth factor. However, there was no significant difference in the sphere formation efficiency among CD44+/CD24+ and CD44+/CD24- subsets as well as A549 cells. Our findings suggest that CD44 and CD24 cannot be considered as potential markers for isolating lung CSCs in cell line A549, and further investigation using in vivo assays is required.

Objective To observe the C-V curve of source point of 12 channels in patients with lumbar disc herniation. Methods 40 patients with lumbar disc herniation were examined with Cowital Human Meridian Diagnosing and Analyzing System, which can achieve quantitative analysis on C-V curve from the source points of 12 channels. The curves obtained before and after treatment were comparisd. Results The abnormal rates of source point on kidney and bladder meridians were more than those on the other meridians. The improving rates of source point on kidney and bladder meridians were better than those of the other meridians after treatment. Conclusion C-V curve observation can be used to diagnose, deduct and evaluate treatment for the lumbar disc herniation.

Lithium carbonate could be used to treat or prevent brain damage following traumatic injury and neurodegenerative diseases.It has been shown that its protective effect is related to protein kinase C (PKC) and extracellular signal-related kinase (ERK).It was demonstrated that PDBu,a PKC activator,inhibited amplitudes of delayed rectifier potassium current (It,) and produced a hyperpolarizing shift in the activation-voltage curve.The responses to PDBu were inhibited by lithium carbonate (50μmol/L).Further studies showed that when pretreated with MEK/ERK inhibitor U0126 (20 μmol/L),although PDBu significantly reduced IK,lithium did not reverse the effect of PDBu.Thus,the results suggested that PKC signaling cascades,along with MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinase) pathway,were required in the phosphorylation of potassium channel,which was presented by regulation of potassium channel characteristic.AC-cAMP and their eross-talk with GC-cGMP pathway could also modulate the effect of lithium on PKC activation,which could be one of underlying mechanisms likely related to neuroprotective effect of lithium.

Objective To summarize the experience of surgical management of postoperative intrahepatic duct stones and strictures with choledochoscope.Methods The clinical data of 1241 patients with intrahepatic duct stones and strictures who were admitted to the Shenzhen People's Hospital from January 2000 to December 2011 were retrospectively analyzed.All patients were divided into postoperative choledochoscopy group (652 patients were treated by choledochoscope through T-tube fistula) and conservative treatment group (589 patients were treated by cholangic and antibiotic drugs) according to treatment plan.The clinical data including stricture alleviation,incidence of complications and treatment efficacies of the 2 groups were compared using the chi-square test.Results In the postoperative choledochoscopy group,the intrahepatic duct stones of 630 patients were completely removed,with the removal rate of 96.63％ (630/652),which was significandy higher than 76.23％ (449/589) of the conservative treatment group (x2=113.407,P ＜ 0.05).A total of 1237 intrahepatic duct strictures were detected in the postoperative choledochoscopy group,including 698 cases of membranous stricture (the length of strictured bile duct ＜ 2 mm),529 cases of spool-shaped stricture (2 mm ≤ the length of strictured bile duct ≤5 mm),8 cases of long tube-shaped stricture (the length of strictured bile duct ＞ 5 mm),2 cases of crackshaped stricture.The alleviation rate of the stricture was 99.35％ (1229/1237).The conditions of 6 cases of long tube-shaped stricture and 2 cases of crack-shaped stricture were not alleviated.There were 986 cases of intrahepatic duct strictures in the conservative treatment group,and the stricture alleviation rate was 80.43％ (793/986).There was a significant difference in the stricture alleviation rate between the 2 groups (x2=238.994,P ＜ 0.05).Nine patients in the postoperative choledochoscopy group had severe complications.Five patients had intrahepatic duct hemorrhage with a volume of blood loss more than 1500 ml,and they were treated by balloon dilatation hemostasis.One patient with repeated intrahepatic duct bleeding received hepatectomy.Two patients with severe intrahepatic cholangitis received choledochoscopy.Two patients had incomplete formation of sinus and they received implantation of biliary stents under duodenoscope.Conclusion Standard surgical management with choledochoscope can effectively alleviate postoperative intrahepatic duct stones and strictures.

Aged ; Biopsy ; Bone Marrow Examination ; Female ; Humans ; Lymph Nodes ; pathology ; Lymphoma, B-Cell ; diagnosis ; pathology ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Retrospective Studies ; Young Adult

Objective To evaluate the effects of propofol on the invasion and migration of glioma cells in the rats and the role of adenosine deaminase acting on RNA 2 (ADAR2)-α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionic acid (AMPA) receptor subunit glutamate 2 (GluR2) pathway.Methods C6 glioma cells were subcuhured and randomly divided into 4 groups (n =24 each) using a random number table:control group (group C);propofol group (group P);negative siRNA transfection + propofol group (group NP);ADAR2-siRNA transfection + propofol group (group AP).The cells were cultured in the common culture medium in group C.In NP and AP groups,negative siRNA and ADAR2-siRNA were transfected into the cells,respectively,and 48 h later the other procedures were similar to those previously described in group P.Propofol with the final concentration of 1.2 μg/ml was added,the cells were cultured for 6 h and then were cultured in the common culture medium for another 18 h in group P.The cells were selected to detect the cell viability by MTT colorimetric assay.The invasion of cells was determined by Transwell invasion assay,and the invaded cells were counted.The migration of cells was determined by cell scratch test,and cell migration rates were calculated.The expression of ADAR2 in the nucleus of cells and GluR2 in the cytomembrane was detected by Western blot.Results Compared with group C,the cell viability,the number of invaded cells and cell migration rates were significantly decreased,and the expression of ADAR2 in the nucleus of cells and GluR2 in the cytomembrane was significantly up-regulated in P and NP groups (P＜0.05).Compared with group P,the cell viability,the number of invaded cells and cell migration rates were significantly increased,and the expression of ADAR2 in the nucleus of cells and GluR2 in the cytomembrane was significantly down-regulated in group AP (P＜0.05).Compared with group NP,the cell viability,the number of invaded cells and cell migration rates were significantly increased,and the expression of ADAR2 in the nucleus of cells and GluR2 in the cytomembrane was significantly downregulated in group AP (P＜0.05).Conclusion Propofol can inhibit the invasion and migration of glioma cells in the rats,and the mechanism is associated with activation of ADAR2-AMPA receptor GluR2 pathway.