Objective To investigate the role of hemoglobin (Hb),red blood cell count (RBC) and hematocrit (HCT) during the first trimester in predicting the occurrence of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) in the third trimester in nonanemic women in Kunming.Methods A prospective study was carried out.Routine blood tests were performed in 1189 nondiabetic singleton pregnant Chinese women at their initial prenatal healthcare before 14 gestational weeks in the First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University from January 1,2008 to December 31,2009.They were divided into four groups by quartiles of Hb,RBC and HCT levels respectively.Differences of GDM incidence at the third trimester were compared among groups.Kollmogorov Smirnov test was used to detect normal distribution of Hb,RBC and HCT results.Differences between rates of groups were detected by Chi-square test.Independent risk factors of GDM were screened by Logistic regression analysis.Results The incidence of GDM at the third trimester increased as quartile categories of Hb,RBC and HCT ascended.The GDM incidence (13.1 ％,34/259) of ≥75th Hb group was higher than that of ＜ 25th group (5.9 ％,18/304,x2 =8.53,P＜ 0.0 1),25th ～ group (9.2 ％,30/326,x2=4.18,P＜0.05) and 50th～ group (9.3％,28/300,x2=3.96,P＜0.05).The GDM incidence (11.7 ％,34/290) of 50th～ RBC group (RBC≥4.44 × 1012/L) was higher than that of ＜25th group (6.3％,19/304,x2=5.30,P＜0.05),25th～ group (7.0％,21/298,x2 =3.93,P＜0.05); and the GDM incidence (12.1％,36/297) of ≥75th group was also higher than that of ＜25th group (6.3％,19/304,x2 =6.49,P＜0.05),25th～ group (7.0％,21/298,x2=3.85,P＜0.05).The GDM incidence of ＜25th HCT group (5.3％,16/303) was lower than that of 25th～ group (9.3％,29/311,x2=7.04,P＜0.01),50th～ group (10.8％,31/287,x2=3.93,P＜0.05) and ≥75th group (11.8％,34/288,x2=6.49,P＜0.05).Logistic regression analysis showed that Hb (OR=1.031,95％ CI:1.010-1.052),RBC (OR=2.286,95％CI:1.318-3.963) and HCT (OR=1.106,95％ CI:1.037-1.179) were independent risk factors of GDM (all P＜0.05).Conclusions High maternal Hb,RBC and HCT levels in the first trimester could be used in predicting GDM in pregnant women in Kunming area.

The effects of pretreatment of supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO2) on the supramolecular structure of cellulose and the cellulase catalyzed reaction were investigated. The cellulase activity was not affected when it was treated with SC-CO2 at 10MPa and at 50 degrees C for 30 min. But when the cellulase was treated by SC-CO2 in the presence of cellulose, the catalytic activity of the cellulase was lost. The cellulose pretreated with or without cellulase under the same SC-CO2 condition was then hydrolyzed with tresh crude cellulase. The final reducing sugar yield from the hydrolysis of the cellulose pretreated with cellulase was higher than that of the cellulose pretreated without cellulase. It was also found that the improvement of the enzymolysis had a direct relevance with the amount of cellulase used during the SC-CO2 pretreatment. The moisture content of cellulose before SC-CO2 pretreatment had an obvious influence on the subsequent enzymolysis. When the moisture content of cellulose was 60% (W/W), the reducing sugar yield was higher than when the moisture content was over 100% (W/W). The FT-IR spectra showed that the structure of the cellulose pretreated with cellulase under the SC-CO2 condition was different from that of the cellulose pretreated without cellulase. In the presence of the enzyme, the strength of the hydrogen bonds and the I beta phase at 710cm(-1) in the crystalline cellulose was weakened. These results suggest that the change in the cellulose structure induced by the SC-CO2 treatment favous the subsequent enzymolysis.
Carbon Dioxide ; chemistry ; Cellulase ; chemistry ; metabolism ; Chromatography, Supercritical Fluid ; methods ; Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared

Objective To analyze the characteristics of functioning in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) based on the ICF-CY, to discuss the approaches of physical activity and exercise rehabilitation for them. Methods The typical disabilities in children with ASD were analyze based on ICF-CY and literature review. The approaches of physical activity and exercise rehabilitation were discussed. Results There were two kinds of behaviors including repetitive behavior and communication impairments. The main functioning of children with ASD included special mental function and motor function in body function and body structure;interpersonal interactions, hand and arm flexibly use, walking and moving in activity and participation. Individualized physical activity plan for children with ASD should promote the development of motor skills, improve relevant functions and promote all-round developments. Conclusion It is useful to analyze the functioning and disability, to develop individualized plans of physical activity and sport rehabilitation, to improve total functioning and to promote all-round developments.

Objective To explore the functioning and disability and individualized rehabilitation strategies for children with cerebral pal-sy using ICF-CY. Methods ICF-CY core set for children with cerebral palsy was used, and literatures of functioning and disability (motor function) and physical activity and exercise rehabilitation for children with cerebral palsy were reviewed systematically. Based on the theo-retical framework of ICF-CY and the theories of children's development, the rehabilitation strategies for children with cerebral palsy were discussed. Results The main functioning and disability for children with cerebral palsy were impairment of brain structure and nerve system-and motor function at body level;activity limitation and participation restriction in cognition, mobility and self-care, and restriction in partic-ipation in games, leisure and educational activities at individual level and related environmental factors. The rehabilitation strategies of chil-dren with cerebral palsy should be based on the physical structure and function, activities and participation, as well as environmental factors, to develop programs that met the characteristics of the individual. Conclusion The characteristics of functioning and disability for children with cerebral palsy were analyzed using ICF-CY. Individualized rehabilitation strategies should be developed to promote the overall develop-ments for children with cerebral palsy.

OBJECTIVETo observe the effect of a new synthetic tripeptide [Arg(NO(3))- Lys(OCH(3))- Arg(NO(3))] on L-arginine/NO pathway in the macrophage cell strain RAW246.7.

METHODSThe cultured macrophages exposed to lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 1 microg/L) treatment were randomly divided into 3 groups (n=6) and treated with distilled water, 1x10(-4) mol/L tripeptide and 1x10(-4) mol/L L-arginine, NG-monomethyl-L-arginine (L-NMMA) for 24 h, respectively. The macrophages were incubated for 24 h with LPS (1 microg/L) and in the presence of different concentrations of L-arginine (0 to 2 mmol/L), or in normal culture medium (containing 0.5 mmol/L L-arginine) for 24 h with LPS (1 microg/L) and in the presence of tripeptide of 0 to 10x10(-4) mol/L. The changes of [(3)H]-L-arginine transport and NO production from the macrophages were measured.

RESULTNO release from macrophages incubated in the LPS-containing culture medium was 50 folds, and [(3)H]-L-arginine uptake 2.7 folds that in cells in normal culture medium. Tripeptide (1x10(-4) mol/L) inhibited [(3)H]-L-arginine transport and NO production by 67% and 71% respectively. The effect of tripeptide was stronger than L-NMMA (P<0.05). Extracellular L-arginine caused a concentration-dependent increase in nitrite production, which reached the maximum at concentrations above 0.5 mmol/L Km for nitrite production of 0.162+/-0.015 mmol/L and Vmax of 91.2+/-2.3 micromol/(24h.10(6) cells). L-arginine transport and NO production were inhibited by tripeptide, but their dose-dependent pattern of changes was different with EC50 of 0.21x10(-4) mol/L and 1.27x10(-4) mol/L, respectively.

CONCLUSIONSActivation of macrophages with LPS induces nitrite accumulation in the culture medium, which is dependent on the presence of extracellular L-arginine. The tripeptide induces dysfunction of L-arginine/NO pathway in macrophages, potently inhibits L-arginine transport and competitively combine the active sites of nitric oxide synthase.

Arginine ; metabolism ; Biological Transport ; drug effects ; Cells, Cultured ; Humans ; Lipopolysaccharides ; Macrophages ; cytology ; metabolism ; Nitric Oxide ; biosynthesis ; Nitric Oxide Synthase ; antagonists & inhibitors ; Oligopeptides ; pharmacology

Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; Female ; Hepatitis B, Chronic ; drug therapy ; Humans ; Male ; Medicine, Chinese Traditional ; Middle Aged

OBJECTIVETo investigate the effects of drug-containing serum of Chinese herbal compound, Xiongshao Capsule (, XS, for activating-blood) and Huanglian Capsule (, HL, for dispellingtoxin) on the oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL)-induced inflammatory factors in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs).

METHODSThirty-two rats were randomly divided into four groups: the blank control group treated with distilled water, the positive control group treated with simvastatin (1.8 mg/kg), the test group I treated with Chinese herbal compound of XS (0.135 g/kg), and the test group II treated with Chinese herbal compound of XS (0.135 g/kg) and HL (0.135 g/kg). All the treatments were administered for 7 successive days by gastrogavage. Rats' blood serum was harvested 1 h after the last administration to prepare respective drugcontaining serum. HUVECs were exposed to ox-LDL (100 μg/mL) to induce cell injury model and incubated with corresponding drug-containing serum for 24 h. Untreated HUVECs were set for blank control. Levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (sICAM-1) in supernatant of cultured HUVECs were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). HUVEC surface expressions of ICAM-1 and E-selectin were determined by flow cytometry.

RESULTSLevels of IL-6, TNF-α, and sICAM-1 in the supernatant of HUVECs as well as the cell surface expressions of ICAM-1 and E-selectin significantly increased after 24-h ox-LDL stimulation (P<0.01), while the abnormal elevations, except sICAM-1 in the test group I, were all reduced in the treated groups (the positive control and the two test groups) significantly (P<0.01 or P<0.05). Besides, the effect in the test group II seemed somewhat higher than that in the test group I but with no statistical significance (P>0.05).

CONCLUSIONDrug-containing serum of XS plus HL has a certain inhibitory effect on the vascular endothelial inflammation response induced by ox-LDL.

Animals ; Capsules ; Cell Membrane ; drug effects ; metabolism ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; pharmacology ; E-Selectin ; metabolism ; Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells ; drug effects ; metabolism ; Humans ; Inflammation Mediators ; metabolism ; Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1 ; metabolism ; Interleukin-6 ; metabolism ; Lipoproteins, LDL ; metabolism ; Rats ; Rats, Wistar ; Solubility ; drug effects ; Subcellular Fractions ; drug effects ; metabolism ; Toxins, Biological ; metabolism ; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha ; metabolism

BACKGROUNDCoronary artery in-stent restenosis (ISR) and late stent thrombosis remain as important complications of stenting. The inflammation reactions to sirolimus and paclitaxel-eluting stents were investigated in a swine stenosis model induced by interleukin (IL)-1β.

METHODSMini pigs (n = 12; 2-3 months old and weighing 25-30 kg) were subjected to thoracotomy. Segments (10 mm) of the mid left anterior descending coronary artery and left circumflex coronary artery were exposed and aseptically wrapped with a cotton mesh soaked with IL-1β (5 µg). After 2 weeks, the animals were anesthetized and quantitative coronary arteriography (QCA) was performed. The stenosis sites were randomized into three groups for stent insertion: a sirolimus-eluting stent (SES) group (Firebird(TM), n = 7), a paclitaxel-eluting stent (PES) group (TAXUS(TM), n = 9), and a bare-metal stent (BMS) group (YINYITM, Dalian Yinyi Biomaterials Development Co., Ltd, China, n = 8). The three different stents were randomly implanted into stenosis segments. Expression of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), P-selectin and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) was determined by reverse transcription-coupled polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR).

RESULTSQCA showed severe stenosis in IL-1β treated segments. The SES and PES groups showed lower 1-month angiographic late lumen loss (LLL) within the stent and the lesion compared with BMS (P < 0.05) by follow-up QCA. The SES showed lower LLL than that of PES in reducing 1-month inflammation lesions in pigs by follow-up QCA ((0.15 ± 0.06) mm vs. (0.33 ± 0.01) mm, P < 0.0001). The neointimal hyperplasia areas in SES and PES showed lower than those of BMS (SES (11.6 ± 1.7) mm(2), PES (27.2 ± 1.6) mm(2) vs. BMS (76.2 ± 1.3) mm(2), P < 0.0001). The mRNA expression of MCP-1 by RT-PCR in SES and PES showed lower than that of BMS at 30 days after stenting (SES 0.20 ± 0.03, PES 0.48 ± 0.49 vs. BMS 0.58 ± 0.07, P < 0.05). Levels of VCAM-1 in SES were significantly lower than those of PES and BMS (SES 0.35 ± 0.08 vs. PES 0.65 ± 0.13, BMS 0.70 ± 0.06, P < 0.05). Histochemical immunostaining of vessel walls showed lower inflammatory chemokine MCP-1 expression in the SES and PES groups compared with BMS.

CONCLUSIONSESs were superior in reducing 1-month angiographic LLL in inflammation lesions in pigs, strongly suggesting that SESs can suppress inflammatory reactions in ISR at multiple points.

Angioplasty, Balloon, Coronary ; adverse effects ; Animals ; Coronary Restenosis ; prevention & control ; Drug-Eluting Stents ; adverse effects ; Inflammation ; prevention & control ; Interleukin-1beta ; pharmacology ; Male ; Paclitaxel ; administration & dosage ; Sirolimus ; administration & dosage ; Swine

Objective:To investigate the bacterial composition and antimicrobial resistance profile of clinical isolates from bloodstream infections in China.Methods:The clinical bacterial strains isolated from blood culture were collected during January 2020 to December 2020 in member hospitals of Blood Bacterial Resistant Investigation Collaborative System (BRICS). Antibiotic susceptibility tests were conducted by agar dilution or broth dilution methods recommended by Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute(CLSI, USA). WHONET 5.6 was used to analyze data.Results:During the study period, 10 043 bacterial strains were collected from 54 hospitals, of which 2 664 (26.5%) were Gram-positive bacteria and 7 379 (73.5%) were Gram-negative bacteria. The top 10 bacterial species were Escherichia coli (38.6%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (18.4%), Staphylococcus aureus (9.9%), coagulase-negative Staphylococci (7.5%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (3.9%), Enterococcus faecium (3.3%), Enterobacter cloacae (2.8%), Enterococcus faecalis (2.6%), Acinetobacter baumannii (2.4%) and Klebsiella spp (1.8%). The prevalence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and methicillin-resistant coagulase-negative Staphylococcus aureus were 27.6% and 74.4%, respectively. No glycopeptide- and daptomycin-resistant Staphylococci were detected. More than 95% of Staphylococcus aureus were sensitive to rifampicin and SMZco. No vancomycin-resistant Enterococci strains were detected. Extended spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) producing Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Proteus mirabilis were 48.4%, 23.6% and 36.1%, respectively. The prevalence rates of carbapenem-resistance in Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae were 2.3% and 16.1%, respectively; 9.6% of carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae strains were resistant to ceftazidime/avibactam combination. The prevalence rate of carbapenem-resistance in Acinetobacter baumannii was 60.0%, while polymyxin and tigecycline showed good activity against Acinetobacter baumannii. The prevalence rate of carbapenem-resistance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa was 23.2%. Conclusions:The surveillance results in 2020 showed that the main pathogens of bloodstream infection in China were gram-negative bacteria, while Escherichia coli was the most common pathogen, and ESBL-producing strains declined while carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae kept on high level. The proportion and the prevalence of carbapenem-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa were on the rise slowly. On the other side, the MRSA incidence got lower in China, while the overall prevalence of vancomycin-resistant Enterococci was low.

Objective:To report the results of national surveillance on the distribution and antimicrobial resistance profile of clinical bacterial isolates from bloodstream infections in China in 2021.Methods:The clinical bacterial strains isolated from blood culture from member hospitals of Blood Bacterial Resistant Investigation Collaborative System (BRICS) were collected during January 2021 to December 2021. Antibiotic susceptibility tests were conducted by agar dilution or broth dilution methods recommended by Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). WHONET 5.6 was used to analyze data.Results:During the study period, 11 013 bacterial strains were collected from 51 hospitals, of which 2 782 (25.3%) were Gram-positive bacteria and 8 231 (74.7%) were Gram-negative bacteria. The top 10 bacterial species were Escherichia coli (37.6%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (18.9%), Staphylococcus aureus (9.8%), coagulase-negative Staphylococci (6.3%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (3.6%), Enterococcus faecium (3.6%), Acinetobacter baumannii (2.8%), Enterococcus faecalis (2.7%), Enterobacter cloacae (2.5%) and Klebsiella spp (2.1%). The prevalence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and methicillin-resistant coagulase-negative Staphylococcus aureus were 25.3% and 76.8%, respectively. No glycopeptide- and daptomycin-resistant Staphylococci was detected; more than 95.0% of Staphylococcus aureus were sensitive to ceftobiprole. No vancomycin-resistant Enterococci strains were detected. The rates of extended spectrum B-lactamase (ESBL)-producing isolated in Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Proteus mirabilis were 49.6%, 25.5% and 39.0%, respectively. The prevalence rates of carbapenem-resistance in Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae were 2.2% and 15.8%, respectively; 7.9% of carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae was resistant to ceftazidime/avibactam combination. Ceftobiprole demonstrated excellent activity against non-ESBL-producing Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae. Aztreonam/avibactam was highly active against carbapenem-resistant Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae. The prevalence rate of carbapenem-resistance in Acinetobacter baumannii was 60.0%, while polymyxin and tigecycline showed good activity against Acinetobacter baumannii (5.5% and 4.5%). The prevalence of carbapenem-resistance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa was 18.9%. Conclusions:The BRICS surveillance results in 2021 shows that the main pathogens of blood stream infection in China are gram-negative bacteria, in which Escherichia coli is the most common. The MRSA incidence shows a further decreasing trend in China and the overall prevalence of vancomycin-resistant Enterococci is low. The prevalence of Carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae is still on a high level, but the trend is downwards.