Autophagy is an active research area in the biomedical field as its role has been identified in many physiological and pathological processes. Accordingly, there is a growing demand to identify, quantify and manipulate the process accurately. Meanwhile, there is great interest in identifying compounds that modulate autophagy because they may have applications in the treatment of a variety of autophagy-related diseases. In this review, we summarize the current status of autophagy screening systems to facilitate identification of autophagy modulators.
Autophagy ; Humans

AIM To observe the protective effect of Ganduqing Granule(GDQ) on acute hepatic injury. METHODS Sixty male Wistar rats were divided into 6 groups, namely normal control group, model group, Ganduqing large (GDQ Ⅰ), middle(GDQ Ⅱ), small dose(GDQ Ⅲ) groups and Yiganning (YGN) positive group. Acute hepatic injury induced by thioacetamide. The changes of blood serum ALT, AST activity and plasma endotoxin (ET) level and TNF-?, IL-6 levels were measured and livers were taken for pathology examination. RESULTS Plasma ET level and blood serum ALT, AST levels and TNF-?, IL-6 levels were significantly lower than model group ( P

Objective To study the impact of lymph node metastasis on prognosis of patients with pancreatic cancer and to evaluate predictors of postoperative survival of these patients.Methods The clinical data on patients with pancreatic cancer who underwent pancreatic cancer radical surgery in our hospital from January 2002 to December 2013 were reviewed and analyzed.Data on lymph node metastasis,number of lymph node dissection,number of positive lymph nodes and positive lymph ratio were analyzed.Results Of 101 patients,the 6-month,1-year and 2-year survival rates were 84.2％,56.6％ and 28.5％,respectively.The median survival was 13.8 months.Univariate and multivariate analyses showed lymph node metastasis,a positive lymph node ratio,number of lymph node dissection and positive lymph nodes were independent influential factors of prognosis.Results of subgroup analysis showed the number of lymph node dissection was a prognostic factor for pNO patients,while a positive lymph ratio had no impact on survival of pN1 patients.In the subgroup of patients with pancreatic head cancer,lymph node metastasis was associated with prognosis but not in the subgroup of patients with pancreatic body and tail carcinoma.Conclusions For patients with pancreatic head cancer,lymph node metastasis was closely correlated with prognosis.In addition,factors including lymph node metastasis,number of lymph node dissection,a positive lymph node ratio and number of positive lymph nodes were independent influential factors of prognosis for patients with pancreatic head cancer.However,for pN1 patients,a positive lymph node ratio has no influence on prognosis.

The nuclear transcription factor nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2) plays a crucial role in maintaining cellular redox homeostasis. The aberrant NRF2 signaling confers enhanced antioxidant capacity, which is linked to tumor progression and therapeutic resistance. The current study investigates the biological effects and molecular mechanism of tribbles homolog 3 (TRIB3), a stress-induced protein, in regulating cell survival and apoptosis in lung cancer. This study first performed the RNA sequencing data analysis with 576 lung adenocarcinoma patients from the cancer genome atlas (TCGA) database. The NRF2- antioxidant response element (ARE) signature was enriched in patients with high TRIB3 expression. Dual-luciferase reporter assay and real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) were used to confirm the effect of TRIB3 on the kelch-like ECH-associated protein-1 (KEAP1)-NRF2 pathway. Abrogation of TRIB3 impaired NRF2 transcriptional activity and reduced the expression of its target genes. Moreover, TRIB3 enhanced NRF2 stability via blocking KEAP1-NRF2 interaction. TRIB3-depletion promoted reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, restrained cell proliferation, and enhanced carboplatin-induced apoptosis. In addition, NRF2 overexpression recovered the tumor inhibition effect of TRIB3-depletion. Consistently, TRIB3 failed to modulate apoptosis in NRF2 depletion cells. In summary, this study shows that TRIB3 inhibits the KEAP1-NRF2 interaction and upregulates the transcriptional activity of NRF2, thereby promoting lung cancer cell proliferation and reducing the sensitivity to chemotherapy. Targeting the TRIB3-NRF2 signal axis may become a new strategy for ROS homeostasis and lung cancer treatment.

Objective To investigate the regional left ventricular function after mitral valve replacement with and without chordal preservation by strain rate imaging. Methods A total of 55 patients undergoing mitral valve replacement were enrolled. Twenty underwent complete excision of the subvalvular apparatus (group A), 20 preserved the posterior chordopapillary apparatus only (group B) and the other 15 underwent total chordal preservation (group C). Systolic peak strain rate (SRs) were measured preoperatively, at 7-10 days and 3 months after operation. Results Before operation, SRs had no differences between different segments of the left ventricular in each group (F=0.37, 0.74, 0.90, all P>0.05). At 7-10 days after operation, SRs in the most segments of left ventricular were signiifcantly lower than those of before operation (F=3.91, 8.12, 7.57, all P<0.05). At 3 months after operation, SRs in some segments of left ventricular were signiifcantly higher than those of preoperation in each group (t=2.12, 3.19, 3.25, 2.08, 2.78, 4.79, 2.81, 2.58, 2.87, 1.60, 0.34, 1.04, 0.73, 0.70, 1.68, all P<0.05). SRs had no signiifcant differences between each segment of left ventricular in group C (F=1.76, P>0.05). By contrast, SRs in some segments of left ventricular were different from those of other segments in group A and group B (F=17.8, 8.52, both P<0.05). Conclusion Comparing to conventional mitral valve replacement and mitral valve replacement with preservation of posterior subvalvular apparatus, mitral valve replacement with preservation of total subvalvular apparatus makes the papiltary function preserved completely, which are beneifcial for the motor coordination of left ventricular wall and the recovery of regional left ventricular function.

Objective The present study was to differentiate the hyperdensities on CT immediately after intra-arterial thrombolysis in patients with acute isehemic stroke.Methods Twenty two patients with acute ischemic stroke were treated with intra-arterial combining with intravenous thrombolysis within 6 hours after onset.All patients underwent nonenhaneed CT scans before,immediately and 24 hours after thrombolytic therapy.The hyperdensities on CT after intra-arterial thrombolysis were analyzed retrospectively.Results Five hyperdense areas were seen in 22 patients immediately after thrombolytie therapy.According to their locations, CT values and follow-up CT scans,the hyperdensities on CT imaging were classified into two groups:contrast enhancement and hemorrhagic transformation.The former was characterized by rapid clearance of the hyperdensity lesion with maximum Hounsifild Unit＜90,on the contrary,the latter was noted by persistence of hyperdensity lesion after 24 hours CT scan with maximum Hounsifild Unit＞90.Two of the five hyperdense lesion patients were confirmed to be contrast enhancement with location in cerebral cortex,the other were hemorrhagic transformation,mostly located in basal ganglia.Hyperdensity in patients with contrast enhancement showed neurological improvement although no further medical cares were offered.Conclusions Different kind of hyperdensity on CT immediately after intra-arterial thrombolysis in patients with acute ischemic stroke can be differentiated according to its location,CT value and follow-up CT scan.When contrast enhancement occurred,no further medical care is needed.

Atropa belladonna is a medicinal plant and main commercial source of tropane alkaloids (TAs) including scopolamine and hyoscyamine, which are anticholine drugs widely used clinically. Based on the high throughput transcriptome sequencing results, the digital expression patterns of UniGenes representing 9 structural genes (ODC, ADC, AIH, CPA, SPDS, PMT, CYP80F1, H6H, TRII) involved in TAs biosynthesis were constructed, and simultaneously expression analysis of 4 released genes in NCBI (PMT, CYP80F1, H6H, TRII) for verification was performed using qPCR, as well as the TAs contents detection in 8 different tissues. Digital expression patterns results suggested that the 4 genes including ODC, ADC, AIH and CPA involved in the upstream pathway of TAs, and the 2 branch pathway genes including SPDS and TRII were found to be expressed in all the detected tissues with high expression level in secondary root. While the 3 TAs-pathway-specific genes including PMT, CYP80F1, H6H were only expressed in secondary roots and primary roots, mainly in secondary roots. The qPCR detection results of PMT, CYP80F1 and H6H were consistent with the digital expression patterns, but their expression levels in primary root were too low to be detected. The highest content of hyoscyamine was found in tender stems (3.364 mg x g(-1)), followed by tender leaves (1.526 mg x g(-1)), roots (1.598 mg x g(-1)), young fruits (1.271 mg x g(-1)) and fruit sepals (1.413 mg x g(-1)). The highest content of scopolamine was detected in fruit sepals (1.003 mg x g(-1)), then followed by tender stems (0.600 mg x g(-1)) and tender leaves (0.601 mg x g(-1)). Both old stems and old leaves had the lowest content of hyoscyamine and scopolamine. The gene expression profile and TAs accumulation indicated that TAs in Atropa belladonna were mainly biosynthesized in secondary root, and then transported and deposited in tender aerial parts. Screening Atropa belladonna secondary root transcriptome database will facilitate unveiling the unknown enzymatic reactions and the mechanisms of transcriptional control.
Alkaloids ; biosynthesis ; genetics ; metabolism ; Atropa belladonna ; genetics ; metabolism ; Gene Expression Regulation, Plant ; genetics ; Hyoscyamine ; genetics ; metabolism ; Plants, Medicinal ; genetics ; metabolism ; Scopolamine Hydrobromide ; metabolism ; Tropanes ; metabolism

Objective Modern warfare is geographically complex and changeable.The lack of terrain adaptability restricts the popularization and application of rescue robots in the frontline war.To solve this problem,this paper designs a new longitudinal-arm suspension mechanism,and carries out principle analysis and simulation optimization.Methods The automatic dynamic analysis of the mechanical system(ADAMS)was used to establish the virtual suspension model. According to the condition of rescue robot parameters, appropriate constraints and objective functions were set up to optimize the length of the suspension rod and spring stiffness coefficient.Results The suspension structure parameters were optimized by experimental simulation.The single longitudinal-arm suspension could convert the small stroke of the helical spring shock absorber into the large stroke of the tire movement according to the comparison of the experimental data. Conclusion The research and design of single longitudinal-arm suspension are of great significance to develop its physical prototype and to select the helical spring shock absorber,playing an important role in promoting the development of the small wheeled rescue robot.

This paper introduces an eight channels dada acquisition system. A peripheral circuit based on C8051F340 MCU has been designed and its USB controller is used to transfer data, which realizes real-time detection, display and storage of bowel sounds. The system has many advantages such as high precision and stable performance, and thus provides a new means for the bowel sounds study.
Equipment Design ; Gastrointestinal Motility ; physiology ; Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted ; instrumentation ; Sound

Protein-protein interactions (PPI) are involved in a variety of biological processes, including cell-to-cell interactions, metabolism and development control. The misregulation, post-translational modification and interference of PPI are related to a variety of human diseases, making the regulation of these interactions a very attractive field of drug discovery. In recent years, the interaction between MDM2 and p53 has become a research hotspot, which plays an important role in the treatment of tumors. But unfortunately there are no such inhibitors approved all over the world. In this view, recent advances of MDM2-p53 inhibitors were briefly described and its inhibitors with potential therapeutic activities in clinical studies were introduced.