Citicoline is an essential intermediate in the synthesis of structural phospholipids of cell membranes. Exogenously administered citicoline can promote rapid repair of injured neuronal membrane by increasing the synthesis of phospholipids, stabilize neurotransmitter system by increasing the synthesis of acetylcholine and dopamine, and attenuate free fatty acids mediated additional tissue injury by decreasing free fatty acids accumulation in the ischemic cerebral tissue. The wide therapeutic time window, high bioavailability, good blood-brain barrier penetration, and excellent safety make citicoline an effective agent for neuroprotection and neurorepair. Available evidence showed that citicoline can improve significantly neurological function in patients with acute and subacute ischemic stroke. Moreover, animal and clinical studies indicated that citicoline has a potential to improve outcomes of traumatic brain injury,cognitive impairment, intracerebral hemorrhage, Parkinson disease and glaucoma. Citicoline in combination with thrombolytic agents or other neuroprotective agents should become one of the future research directions. The bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of oral citicoline are similar to those of intravenous citicoline, and oral constitutes a main route of administration for citicoline.

Five flavors are basic nature of Chinese medicine. But the labeling of Chinese medicine flavors was in a chaos. Song Jin and Yuan dynasty is a transconformation stage of labeling Chinese medicine flavors. In this article the author put forward that the determination of Chinese medicine flavor shifted from tasting of early and middle age of Northern Song dynasty to categorical analogizing and functional analogizing in the late age of Northern Song dynasty. The latter method had a flourished development in Southern Song, Jin and Yuan dynasty. This regularity conclusion has provided a reference for the standardizing Chinese medicine flavors.
History, Medieval ; Medicine, Chinese Traditional ; history ; Taste

Objective To explore the drug fast mechanism on carbapenems of Acinetobacter baumannii,it is important for clinicians to choose appropriate antibiotics.Methods The influence of active efflux inhibitors carbonyl cyanide m -chlorophenylhydrazone (CCCP)on minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC)of Acinetobacter baumannii to imipenem(IMP)was measured by agar dilution method.Results At the concentration of 10mg/L,CCCP had obvi-ously effects on carbapenems MICs,the rate of resistance of imipenem decreased from 64.39% to 34.38%.In vitro CCCP enhanced the activities of imipenem.Efflux mechanism existed not only in IMP resistant strains,but also in IMP sensitive strains.But the affection of CCCP against IMP resistant strains was much stronger than that of IMP suscepti-ble strains.Conclusion Efflux pump may be one of the main mechanisms of Acinetobacter baumannii resistance to IMP,while efflux pump inhibitors may partly reduce the resistance.

Objective To explore the clinical significance of changes of serum.IL-6,IL-18 and C-reactive protein(CRP) in patients with hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy (HIE).Methods Serum IL-6,IL-18 and CRP levels were measured by ELISA and immunity turbidimetry respectively in 100 patients with HIE and 100 health control.Results The HIE group serum IL-6,IL-18 and CRP levels were higher than the healthy control group,and Serum levels of IL-6,IL-18 and CRP increased when the clinical manifestation gradually increased.The CRP were positive correlation with serum levels of IL-6 and IL-18(r=0.663,0.725,all P<0.01).and the serum level of IL-6is positive correlation with IL-18(r=0.783,all P<0.01).Conclusion The serum IL-6,IL-18 and CRP may play an important role in the development process of HIE.Which were correlate to the severity of the disease and clinical change,measurements of their serum concentrations may help to predict these pathogenetic condition and prognosis criterion of the disease.

Objective To explore the relationship between the ischemic stroke subtypes and its risk factors and leukoaraiosis(LA).Methods The severity of LA was classified into LA1,LA2 and LA3 in 213 patients with ischemic stroke combined LA.The relationship between LA degree and the ischemic stroke subtypes(transient ischemic attack,lacunar cerebral infarction,atherothrombotic and cardioembolic cerebral infarction) and its risk factors(age,sex,hypertension,diabetes and coronary artery disease,etc.)were analyzed.Results In the 213 patients with ischemic stroke combined LA,the age of the cases with LA2 and LA3 were significantly higher than the cases with LA1(all P

Objective To study the relationship between velocity of middle cerebral artery(MCA),severity of disease and watershed infarction(WSI) in patients with extracranial internal carotid artery(EICA) stenosis or occlusion.Methods Transcranial Doppler(TCD) was used to detect the mean velocity(MV) of MCA in 120 patients with EICA stenosis or occlusion.The National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale(NIHSS) was used to evaluated the patients′ condition.And CT or MRI was used to diagnosised the WSI.Results MV of MCA was severe reduced in 10 cases,middle reduced in 38 cases,and mild reduced in 42 cases,while there were 30 cases with normal MV.The scores of NIHSS in the four groups(12.5?4.7,3.9?4.8,3.2?4.7,2.4?4.9 respectively) had significant different(P

Adrenergic beta-Agonists ; therapeutic use ; Aged ; Androstadienes ; therapeutic use ; Cholinergic Antagonists ; therapeutic use ; Fluticasone ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Scopolamine Derivatives ; therapeutic use ; Silicosis ; drug therapy ; Tiotropium Bromide

Objective:To explore the role of clinical pharmacists participating in analgesic pharmaceutical care. Methods:Through participating in the analgesic treatment of a patient with left upper lung adenocarcinoma complicated with bone metastases,clinical pharmacists analyzed the rationalization of analgesic drug use in the cancer patient and the contents of pharmaceutical care. Results:Clinical pharmacists timely discovered and solved the problems and provided reasonable advice for clinics during the whole pharmaceutical care process of the cancer patient. Conclusion:Analgesic pharmaceutical care carried out by clinical pharmacists is beneficial to promoting the individualization and standardization of pain treatment,which plays an important role in the rational drug use,reduce adverse drug reactions and so on.

Recent studies show that epileptic seizures result in mass free radical production and induce oxidative damage because of relative deficiency in anti-oxygen system.Mitochondrium is crucial to sustaining energy metabolism,regulating cell death,synthesising neurotransmitter and oxidating fatty acid.Mitochondrium is not only the place for free radical production,but also the target of oxidative damage.Mitochondrial oxidative stress and resultant dysfunction enhance epileptic susceptibility.Seizure-induced free radical can influence energy metabolism,destroy DNA construction and induce apoptosis in neurontoxic consequences in epilepsy.

OBJECTIVE:To solve the compatibility problems in the clinical medication.METHODS:The drug compati?bility program was designed and developed by means of the Visual Basic and Access.RESULTS:Real time analyses of the prescription drugs and the directly displayed analysing results by the programs served as references for the clinic.CONCLUSION:The program of drug compatibility in hospital is helpful to the rational clinical drug use in hospital,which is consistent with the requirements of modern pharmacy development.