Citicoline is an essential intermediate in the synthesis of structural phospholipids of cell membranes. Exogenously administered citicoline can promote rapid repair of injured neuronal membrane by increasing the synthesis of phospholipids, stabilize neurotransmitter system by increasing the synthesis of acetylcholine and dopamine, and attenuate free fatty acids mediated additional tissue injury by decreasing free fatty acids accumulation in the ischemic cerebral tissue. The wide therapeutic time window, high bioavailability, good blood-brain barrier penetration, and excellent safety make citicoline an effective agent for neuroprotection and neurorepair. Available evidence showed that citicoline can improve significantly neurological function in patients with acute and subacute ischemic stroke. Moreover, animal and clinical studies indicated that citicoline has a potential to improve outcomes of traumatic brain injury,cognitive impairment, intracerebral hemorrhage, Parkinson disease and glaucoma. Citicoline in combination with thrombolytic agents or other neuroprotective agents should become one of the future research directions. The bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of oral citicoline are similar to those of intravenous citicoline, and oral constitutes a main route of administration for citicoline.

Five flavors are basic nature of Chinese medicine. But the labeling of Chinese medicine flavors was in a chaos. Song Jin and Yuan dynasty is a transconformation stage of labeling Chinese medicine flavors. In this article the author put forward that the determination of Chinese medicine flavor shifted from tasting of early and middle age of Northern Song dynasty to categorical analogizing and functional analogizing in the late age of Northern Song dynasty. The latter method had a flourished development in Southern Song, Jin and Yuan dynasty. This regularity conclusion has provided a reference for the standardizing Chinese medicine flavors.
History, Medieval ; Medicine, Chinese Traditional ; history ; Taste

Objective To explore the clinical significance of changes of serum.IL-6,IL-18 and C-reactive protein(CRP) in patients with hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy (HIE).Methods Serum IL-6,IL-18 and CRP levels were measured by ELISA and immunity turbidimetry respectively in 100 patients with HIE and 100 health control.Results The HIE group serum IL-6,IL-18 and CRP levels were higher than the healthy control group,and Serum levels of IL-6,IL-18 and CRP increased when the clinical manifestation gradually increased.The CRP were positive correlation with serum levels of IL-6 and IL-18(r=0.663,0.725,all P<0.01).and the serum level of IL-6is positive correlation with IL-18(r=0.783,all P<0.01).Conclusion The serum IL-6,IL-18 and CRP may play an important role in the development process of HIE.Which were correlate to the severity of the disease and clinical change,measurements of their serum concentrations may help to predict these pathogenetic condition and prognosis criterion of the disease.

Objective To explore the relationship between the ischemic stroke subtypes and its risk factors and leukoaraiosis(LA).Methods The severity of LA was classified into LA1,LA2 and LA3 in 213 patients with ischemic stroke combined LA.The relationship between LA degree and the ischemic stroke subtypes(transient ischemic attack,lacunar cerebral infarction,atherothrombotic and cardioembolic cerebral infarction) and its risk factors(age,sex,hypertension,diabetes and coronary artery disease,etc.)were analyzed.Results In the 213 patients with ischemic stroke combined LA,the age of the cases with LA2 and LA3 were significantly higher than the cases with LA1(all P

Objective To study the relationship between velocity of middle cerebral artery(MCA),severity of disease and watershed infarction(WSI) in patients with extracranial internal carotid artery(EICA) stenosis or occlusion.Methods Transcranial Doppler(TCD) was used to detect the mean velocity(MV) of MCA in 120 patients with EICA stenosis or occlusion.The National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale(NIHSS) was used to evaluated the patients′ condition.And CT or MRI was used to diagnosised the WSI.Results MV of MCA was severe reduced in 10 cases,middle reduced in 38 cases,and mild reduced in 42 cases,while there were 30 cases with normal MV.The scores of NIHSS in the four groups(12.5?4.7,3.9?4.8,3.2?4.7,2.4?4.9 respectively) had significant different(P

Objective To explore the drug fast mechanism on carbapenems of Acinetobacter baumannii,it is important for clinicians to choose appropriate antibiotics.Methods The influence of active efflux inhibitors carbonyl cyanide m -chlorophenylhydrazone (CCCP)on minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC)of Acinetobacter baumannii to imipenem(IMP)was measured by agar dilution method.Results At the concentration of 10mg/L,CCCP had obvi-ously effects on carbapenems MICs,the rate of resistance of imipenem decreased from 64.39% to 34.38%.In vitro CCCP enhanced the activities of imipenem.Efflux mechanism existed not only in IMP resistant strains,but also in IMP sensitive strains.But the affection of CCCP against IMP resistant strains was much stronger than that of IMP suscepti-ble strains.Conclusion Efflux pump may be one of the main mechanisms of Acinetobacter baumannii resistance to IMP,while efflux pump inhibitors may partly reduce the resistance.

Adrenergic beta-Agonists ; therapeutic use ; Aged ; Androstadienes ; therapeutic use ; Cholinergic Antagonists ; therapeutic use ; Fluticasone ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Scopolamine Derivatives ; therapeutic use ; Silicosis ; drug therapy ; Tiotropium Bromide

Alzheimer's disease(AD)is a progressive neurodegenerative disease characterized by cognition impairment and behavioral abnormalities.While the mechanisms involved in AD remain unclear,various hypotheses have been proposed regarding pathogenesis of AD,among which the oxidative stress hypothesis has attracted more and more attention.In the present article,the relationship between oxidative stress and AD is reviewed,including sources of neuronal oxygen radical generation,the link of oxidative stress to pathogenesis of AD,preclinical and clinical studies of AD,therapeutic effects of antioxidants and phosphodiesterase inhibitors on AD.

Objective: To study the effect of β-elemene combined with radiotherapy on the expression of KU70 mRNA and apoptosis of lung adenocarcinoma cell line A549. Methods: A549 cells were divided into the control group (c), irridation group (IR), β-elemene group (0.1×IC50 and 0.2×IC50 I.e. 10 μg/mL and 20pg/mL β-elemene) and β-elemene combined with irridation group (0.1×IC50 + IR and 0.2×IC50 + IR). IC50 was obtained through MTT method and cell survival rate was analyzed by colony formation test. Cell cycle and apoptosis were detected with flow cytometry. The expression level of KU70 mRNA was detected by RT-PCR. Results: MTT assay showed that IC50 value of A549 cells was 120 μg/mL. The number of cell clones and survival rate of β-elemene groups were declined significantly. The radiosensitivity of A549 cells can be enhanced by β-elemene. The flow cytometry confirmed that the ratio of G_2/M and apoptosis were significantly in-creased under the effect of β-elemene, statistically different from those in the control group (P <0.05). The expression level of KU70 mRNA in β-elemene with radiotherapy group was declined significantly, statistically different from those in the con-trol group (P<0.05). Cendusion: The rediosensitization effect of β-elemene on A549 cells is associated with induction of cell apoptosis and down-regulation of KU70 mRNA expression.

Objective To develop a new rabbit model of myocardial infarction and assess left ventricular function and the survival rates.Methods A total of 30 adult rabbits were equally and randomly assigned into improved（n =15）and traditional model groups（n =15）.The rabbits were not intubated and ventilated in improved model group.A thoracotomy was performed along the left sternum by small nick with rib and pleura cavity integrity.The left anterodecendant arteries（LAD）of adult rabbits were ligated to establish animal models of my-ocardial infarction by a 60-min occlusion of the LAD,followed by reperfusion.In another group,rabbits were intubated and ventilated with rib abscised during thoracotomy inversely.Echocardiographic assessment was performed 3 weeks after myocardial infarction and survival rates were analyzed.Results Echocardiography showed that there was a sizable reduction in systolic and diastolic function in both groups with cardiac function significantly decreased 3 weeks later.Compared with traditional model group,improved method significantly increased the survival rate of rabbit model with myocardial ischemia.Conclusion This improved method is applicable to make an animal model of my-ocardial ischemia in rabbit.We established a simple,rapid,and effective method to mimick myocardial infarction in rabbit.