Objective To master the epidemic situation and control effect of schistosomiasis in Yugan County,Jiangxi Prov-ince. Methods The data of the schistosomiasis prevalence in human and cattle as well as Oncomelania hupensis snail status were collected and the change trends were analyzed in Yugan County from 2008 to 2012. Results The schistosome infection rates of residents in Yugan County have declined every year since 2008,and currently,the prevalence of schistosomiasis was at a low lev-el. No acute schistosomiasis case was found during the past 5 years. In 2012,the infection rate of bovine was above 1%in 88 en-demic villages,and the area with schistosome infected snails was 10 hm2. Conclusion In order to achieve the goal of schistosomi-asis transmission control in the whole county in 2015,the comprehensive control measures based on infection source control should be strengthened.

Objective To compare the result differences of different dynamic nerves transferring to different segments of the radial nerve. Methods From 1997 to 2000, different ways of intercostal nerves or contralataral C 7 transfering to different segments of the radial nerves were carried out in 36 cases with total avulsed brachial plexus injuries that were followed up for average 42.39 months. Four-fold table was selected to statistically calculate the effective rate of muscle strength recovery. Results The total effective rate was 56% (20/36). The effective rate of the functional rehabilitation of elbow extension was 5/8 in the group with neurotization to radial nerve trunk and 4/4 in the group with neurotization to branches innervating the triceps brachii muscle of radial nerve. The highest effective rate up to 75% (9/12) of the functional rehabilitation of wrist and digit extension belonged to the group with contralateral C 7 transferring to the radial nerve segment in the humeral spiral groove where branches innervating the triceps brachii muscle had already diverged. Conclusions The way of neurotization to radial nerve trunk and to branches innervating the triceps brachii muscle of the radial nerve can win good functional rehabilitation of elbow extension. Contralataral C 7 transfering to the radial nerve segment in the humeral spiral groove ranks the best way for function recovery of the wrist extension. Age below 30 years and operation interval less than 12 months are helpful for functional rehabilitation of the radial nerve.

Post-traumatic tetanus is the main type of non-neonatal tetanus.To reduce the incidence and mortality rateof tetanus and guide the primary medical institutions to prevent and control tetanus after trauma,the National Immunization Planning Technical Working Group of the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention has compiled this document in the reference with Position Paper by World Health Organization,and the latest research progress both at home and abroad.The guidelines focus on the basic procedures for the prevention and treatment of post-traumatic tetanus,the application of tetanus vaccines and immune preparation,and pre-exposure immunization in high-risk populations of trauma.

Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is a common respiratory infectious disease.The etiologic diagnosis of CAP remains an uneasy task.Early etiologic diagnosis is critical for proper treatment and might improve the prognosis.So,it is important to identify pathogens causing CAP in early time and accurate way with sensitive and effective method.This paper summarizes the recent progress in the research of the detection assay for CAP.

Metastasis is the leading cause of death in breast cancer patients. However, the mechanisms underlying metastasis are not well understood and there is no effective treatment in the clinic. Here, we demonstrate that in MMTV-PyMT, a highly malignant spontaneous breast tumor model, IL-25 (also called IL-17E) was expressed by tumor-infiltrating CD4 T cells and macrophages. An IL-25 neutralization antibody, while not affecting primary tumor growth, substantially reduced lung metastasis. Inhibition of IL-25 resulted in decreased type 2 T cells and macrophages in the primary tumor microenvironments, both reported to enhance breast tumor invasion and subsequent metastasis to the lung. Taken together, our data suggest IL-25 blockade as a novel treatment for metastatic breast tumor.
Animals ; Antibodies, Neoplasm ; pharmacology ; Antibodies, Neutralizing ; pharmacology ; Breast Neoplasms ; drug therapy ; genetics ; immunology ; CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes ; immunology ; pathology ; Female ; Humans ; Interleukin-17 ; antagonists & inhibitors ; genetics ; immunology ; Interleukins ; antagonists & inhibitors ; genetics ; immunology ; Macrophages ; immunology ; pathology ; Mammary Neoplasms, Animal ; drug therapy ; genetics ; immunology ; Mice ; Neoplasm Metastasis ; Tumor Microenvironment ; drug effects ; genetics ; immunology

Humans ; Whooping Cough/prevention & control* ; Vaccines, Acellular ; China

The facultative anaerobic and strict anaerobic microorganisms enriched and acclimated during the anaerobic digestion process are crucial for the efficiency of the anaerobic digestion system. Most of the problems encountered during running anaerobic digestion processes could be effectively improved via stimulation of microbial metabolic activity. Benefited from the rapid development of microbiome techniques, deeper insights into the microbial diversity in anaerobic digestion systems, e.g. the microbe-microbe interactions and microbe-environment interactions, have been gained. A complex and intricate metabolic network exists in the anaerobic digestion system of solid organic wastes. However, little is known about these interactions and the underlying mechanisms. This review briefly summarized the representative interactions between microbial communities during anaerobic digestion process discovered to date. In addition, typical issues encountered during the anaerobic digestion of solid organic wastes and how microbes can tackle and alleviate these issues were discussed. Finally, future priorities on microbiome research were proposed based on present contribution of microbiome analysis in anaerobic digestion system.
Anaerobiosis ; Bioreactors ; Methane ; Microbial Interactions ; Microbiota ; Solid Waste

Post-traumatic tetanus is the main type of non-neonatal tetanus. To reduce the incidence and mortality rate of tetanus and guide the primary medical institutions to prevent and control tetanus after trauma, National Immunization Planning Technical Working Group of the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention has compiled this document in the reference with Position Paper by World Health Organization, the latest research progress from home and abroad. The guidelines focus on the basic procedures for the prevention and disposition of post-traumatic tetanus, the application of tetanus vaccines and immune preparation, and the pre-exposure immunization in high-risk populations of trauma.

For the past several decades, the infectious disease profile in China has been shifting with rapid developments in social and economic aspects, environment, quality of food, water, housing, and public health infrastructure. Notably, 5 notifiable infectious diseases have been almost eradicated, and the incidence of 18 additional notifiable infectious diseases has been significantly reduced. Unexpectedly, the incidence of over 10 notifiable infectious diseases, including HIV, brucellosis, syphilis, and dengue fever, has been increasing. Nevertheless, frequent infectious disease outbreaks/events have been reported almost every year, and imported infectious diseases have increased since 2015. New pathogens and over 100 new genotypes or serotypes of known pathogens have been identified. Some infectious diseases seem to be exacerbated by various factors, including rapid urbanization, large numbers of migrant workers, changes in climate, ecology, and policies, such as returning farmland to forests. This review summarizes the current experiences and lessons from China in managing emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases, especially the effects of ecology, climate, and behavior, which should have merits in helping other countries to control and prevent infectious diseases.
Behavior ; China ; epidemiology ; Climate ; Communicable Diseases ; classification ; epidemiology ; Communicable Diseases, Emerging ; epidemiology ; Disease Outbreaks ; Ecology ; Forecasting ; Humans ; Incidence