Extraction and separation technologies appeared in recent years are particularly reviewed in the principles, features, latest research and application results, and existing problems as well. These new techniques include ultrahigh pressure extraction (UPE), ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE), microwave-assisted extraction (MAE), pressurized solvent extraction (PSE), smashing tissue extraction (STE), heating-free extraction (HFE), high-speed countercurrent chromatography (HSCCC), and molecular imprinting technique (MIT). Further research topics and application prospects of these extraction and separation technologies are also suggested, so as to provide the reference for the research and production of modern Chinese materia medica.

OBJECTIVE: To optimize the ultrahigh pressure extraction (UPE) process of effective constituents from Jinqiao Reduqing granules by Box-Behnken design-response surface methodology. METHODS: On the basis of single factor screening, a three-factor and three-level Box-Behnken experimental design was employed, with solvent ratio (X1), extraction pressure (X2) and extraction time(X3) as independent variables. Dependent variables were transformed into desirabilities mathematically by Hassan's method. Data of overall desirabilities were fitted to a second order polynomial equation, through which three dimensional response surface graphs were produced. Optimum experimental conditions were selected from the stationary point of the response surfaces. RESULTS: Regression coefficient of binomial fitting complex model was as high as 0.9878. The optimum conditions of UPE were as follows: the materials were extracted for 38 s with 24 times amount of water, the extraction pressure was 112.1 MPa, and the extraction was performed for one tine. The bias between observed and predicted values was 5.27%. CONCLUSION: As a novel extraction technology for Chinese herbal medicine, the UPE procedure has higher extraction yield, lower extracting temperature, shorter extracting time and less power consumption. The UPE has provided a brand new method for extraction of chlorogenic acid and forsythiaside from Jinqiao Reduqing granules.

Objective To investigate the effects of supernatant of cultured mesangial vcells with serum IgA1 from [gA nephropathy patients on apoptosis of podocyte. Methods Jacalin affinity chromatography and Sephacryl S-200 molecular sieve chromatography were used to isolate IgA1. Apoptosis rate of podocyte was assessed by flow cytometer. Monomeric IgA1 (mIgA1) was transformed to aggregated IgA1(aIgA1) by heating. IgA-mesangial cell supernatant was prepared by collecting spent medium in which growth-arrested mesangial cells were incubated with different aIgA1, then the medium with RPMI 1640 containing 0.5%FBS was cultured with growth-arrested podocyte. Real time PCR was used to detect the mRNA expression of Bcl-2, Bax, Fas and Fas-L. Results Apoptosis rate of podocyte by supematant of cultured mesangial cell with algal from IgAN patients was higher than that from healthy and control groups [(28.5±5.9 ) % vs (22.5± 5.8)%, (20.5±4.5)%, all P<0.05]. Fas mRNA expression of podocyte exposed to supematant of cultured mesangial cells with aIgA1 from IgAN patients increased significantly and was 1.89 folds of control (P<0.05), while Bcl-2 mRNA expression significantly decreased and was 72% of control (P<0.05). The concentrations of Ang Ⅱ and TGF-β in supernatant of cultured mesangial cells with IgA1 from IgA nephropathy were significantly higher than those from healthy control [(13.2±3.4) ng/L vs (8.2±2.3) ng/L, /'<0.05; (15.4±3.4) ng/L vs (10.8±3.2) ng/L, P<0.05]. Conclusion Supernatant of cultured mesangial cells with IgA1 from IgA nephroapthy patients can induce apoptosis of podocyte, which may play a role in the progression of IgAN.

ObjectiveTo evaluate the applicability of glomerular filtration rate estimation equations in elderly Chinese patients with chronic kidney disease(CKD). MethodsA total of 103 elderly CKD patients were investigated. Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) was estimated by Coekcroft -Gault equation, MDRD1 equation, abbreviated MDRD equation, Jellife 1973 equation, Mawer equation, Hull equation, Jellife 1971 equation, plasma creatinine reciprocal equation, Gate equation and Bjornsson equation. The accuracy of estimated GFRs was compared with that of GFR estimated by 99mTe-DTPA-GFR (sGFR)in elderly CKD patients. ResultsBland-Altman analysis demonstrated that GFRs evaluated by Cockcroft -Gault equation, Bjornsson equation and Hull equation were more consistent with sGFR than the other equations. But all the equations were not well consistent with sGFR. Linear regression showed that the slopes of Jellife 1973 equation and Cockcroft-Gault equation were closer to the identical line. Bias of MDRD1 equation was smaller. Accuracy of Bjornsson equation, Jellife 1973 equation and Cockcroft-Gault equation were higher than the other equations. When comparing the bias as well as accuracy of estimated GFRs with sGFR in different stages of CKD, GFR estimated by Bjornsson equation, Coekcroft-Gault equation and Jellife1973 equation showed better Results . ConclusionsWhen plasma creatinine is checked by enzymatic method, GFR estimating equations may show great bias in elderly Chinese CKD patients.

Objective To evaluate the applicability of glomerular filtration rate (GFR) caJcuated by Cock-croft-Gault equation, MDRD1 equation and abbreviated MDRD equation in the chronic glomerulonephritis. Methods 143 chronic kidney disease(CKD) patients diagnosed in our hospital from January 2005 to December 2007 were investigated. Glomerular filtration rate(GFR) was estimated with Cockcroft-Gault equation, MDRD1 equation and ab-breviated MDRD equation. The accuracy of estimated GFRs was compared with 99Tcm-DTPA-GFR in chronic glomer-ulonephritis patients. Results Bland-Altman analysis demonstrated that Cockcroft-Gault equation was more consist-ent with GFR and sGFR than the other equations. Linear regression analysis showed that the slopes of Cockcroft-Gault equation were closer to the identical line,with a smaller bias and higher accuracy . When compared, the bias as well as accuracy of estimated GFRs with sGFR in different stages of CKD,Cockcroft-Gault equation showed good results. Condusion When plasma creatinine is checked with enzymatic method, Cockcroft-Gault equation is more appropriate than MDRD1 equation and abbreviated MDRD equation for estimating renal function in chronic glomeru-lonephritis patients.

OBJECTIVETo observe the prognostic value of Medical Image Three-dimensional (3D) Visualization System (MI-3DVS) in evaluation of the distribution and blood supply of gastroesophageal varices (EGV).

METHODS3D reconstruction was played by MI-3DVS and CT-maximum intensity projection (CT-MIP) respectively on multi slice computed tomography (MSCT) date of 51 patients with EGV from February 2010 to October 2012. The demonstration rate of collateral vessels in spleen and stomach area, EGV typing and the blood supply between the two methods were observed and compared.

RESULTSThe demonstration rates of LGV, gastro-renal shunt, splenorenal shunt and PGV showed a high coincidence between the MI-3DVS and CT-MIP (κ = 0.882-1.000), and moderate agreements in SGV and paraesophageal varices (κ = 0.646 and 0.757). The outcome of EGV classification (MI-3DVS vs. CT-MIP) were typeIfor 31 vs. 28 cases, type II for 6 vs. 4 cases, type III for 4 vs. 4 cases and type IV for 6 vs.10 cases, the 2 methods show high agreements (weighted Kappa value of 0.848 and P < 0.01).Significant differences were found in the blood supply distribution among the four types of EGV (χ(2) = 36.647, P < 0.01); and the blood supply of the EGV tended to be a strong correlation with EGV classification (C = 0.769 and 0.744, P = 0.000). There were 12 patients with gastro-renal shunt and 5 patients with Spleno-renal shunt.

CONCLUSIONSMI-3DVS can explicitly determine the location, blood vessel diameter and blood supply of the EGV, which is helpful for us to grab the formation of collateral circulation completely. The 3D reconstruction of MI-3DVS has guidance and current significance in optimizing therapeutic schedule or preoperative planning.

Adult ; Aged ; Esophageal and Gastric Varices ; diagnostic imaging ; Female ; Humans ; Imaging, Three-Dimensional ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed

OBJECTIVETo evaluate the efficacy and safety of Qingkailing Injection (, QKL) for treatment of children pneumonia caused by respiratory syncytial virus (RSV).

METHODSRandomized clinical trials (RCTs) comparing QKL with ribavirin injection in the treatment of children pneumonia induced by RSV were searched in PubMed, Science Direct, Cochrane Library, Chinese VIP database, CNKI and Wanfang databases from their inception to March 2014. Meta-analyses were performed using RevMan 5.2 software. The methodological quality of the selected RCTs was evaluated by the Modified Jadad Score. The primary outcome measures were effective rate and the secondary outcomes were relief time of fever and cough.

RESULTSSeven RCTs with 992 cases published from 2008 to 2013 were identified. The meta-analysis results indicated that QKL was more effective in cure rate [risk ratios (RR)=1.32, 95% CI (1.17, 1.50), P<0.01], total effective rate [RR=1.07, 95% CI (1.02, 1.13), P=0.009] and less fever clearance time [mean difference=-0.73, 95% CI (-1.22,-0.23), P=0.004], compared with ribavirin injection in the treatment of RSV-induced children pneumonia. No dead case was reported in all trials. There were 3 trials mentioned adverse events, 2 reported no obvious adverse event occurred while 1 reported adverse events described as skin hypersensitivity, elevation of ALT, a mild abnormal of hepatic and renal function in both QKL and ribavirin group.

CONCLUSIONSQKL was an effective and relatively safe option for the treatment of RSV-induced children pneumonia. These therapeutic effects were promising but need to be interpreted with caution due to variations in the treatment and methodological weakness in the studies.

Cough ; complications ; drug therapy ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; administration & dosage ; adverse effects ; pharmacology ; therapeutic use ; Fever ; complications ; drug therapy ; Humans ; Injections ; Pneumonia ; drug therapy ; virology ; Publication Bias ; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic ; Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections ; complications ; drug therapy ; virology ; Respiratory Syncytial Viruses ; physiology ; Ribavirin ; therapeutic use

OBJECTIVES: To study the clinical features of children with carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales (CRE) infection and the molecular characteristics of isolated strains. METHODS: A retrospective analysis was performed on the clinical data and infection status of the children who were hospitalized in Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital from January 2018 to June 2021. A total of 1 098 non-repetitive strains of Enterobacterales were obtained. Drug sensitivity test, PCR amplification, and resistance-related gene sequencing were performed for 66 isolated CRE strains to observe molecular epidemiology. RESULTS: Among the 1 098 strains of Enterobacterales, the detection rate of CRE was 6.01% (66/1 098). The 66 CRE strains were isolated from 66 children, among whom there were 37 boys (56%) and 29 girls (44%), with an age of 2 days to 14 years. Among these 66 children, 16 (24%) had an age of <1 month, 28 (42%) had an age of 1-12 months, 11 (17%) had an age of 12-36 months, and 11 (17%) had an age of >36 months. The children with CRE were mainly distributed in the department of neonatology (38 children, 58%) and the pediatric intensive care unit (17 children, 26%). The top three types of specimens with CRE detection were respiratory specimens (48%), midstream urine specimens (21%), and blood specimens (17%). The CRE strains were mainly Klebsiella pneumoniae (45 strains, 68%), Escherichia coli (12 strains, 18%), and Enterobacter cloacae (6 strains, 9%), with high resistance to carbapenems (such as imipenem and ertapenem), penicillin, and cephalosporins, slightly high resistance to commonly used antibiotics, and relatively low resistance to amikacin (14%), levofloxacin (23%), and tobramycin (33%). The carbapenemase genotypes of Klebsiella pneumoniae strains were mainly bla_NDM (20 strains, 44%), bla_IMP (10 strains, 22%), and bla_KPC (5 strains, 11%), and the carbapenemase genotypes of Escherichia coli strains were mainly bla_NDM (10 strains, 83%). After sequencing, there were 24 bla_NDM-1 strains, 6 bla_NDM-5 strains, 5 bla_IMP-4 strains, and 3 bla_KPC-2 strains, and some genotypes were not identified. CONCLUSIONS There is a high incidence rate of CRE infection among children, mainly those aged 1-12 months. CRE generally has high resistance to antibacterial drugs, and metalloenzymes are the main type of carbapenemases for CRE strains in children.
Adolescent ; Anti-Bacterial Agents ; Bacterial Proteins ; Carbapenems ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Escherichia coli ; Female ; Humans ; Infant ; Infant, Newborn ; Inosine Monophosphate ; Klebsiella pneumoniae ; Male ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Molecular Epidemiology ; Retrospective Studies ; beta-Lactamases

OBJECTIVETo investigate the antitumor effect of calcium phosphate cement incorporated with doxorubicin microspheres.

METHODSThe absorbance at 490 nm of SaoS-2 cells cultured for 5 days in the media containing the extract of the cement incorporating doxorubicin microspheres was measured using Cell Counting Kit-8. SaoS-2 cells were adjusted to the density of 2x10(7) ml(-1) and injected into the left buttock of nude mouse in the volume of 0.2 ml. The cell suspension (0.1 ml) mixed with an equal volume of the cement extract were injected into the right buttock and on the back of the bilateral ears of nude mice. At 12 days after the cell injection, the tumor tissues were obtained and weighed to calculate the tumor inhibition rate, and the pathological samples were observed with HE staining.

RESULTSThe extract of the bone cement containing doxorubicin microspheres showed inhibitory effects on the tumor growth in a dose-dependent manner. The tumor inhibition rate reached 61.0% in high-dose group. Tumor necrosis was found in high dose group, but virtually absent in low-dose group.

CONCLUSIONSCPC containing doxorubicin PLGA microspheres can inhibit tumor cell growth both in vitro and in vivo.

Animals ; Antibiotics, Antineoplastic ; pharmacology ; Bone Cements ; pharmacology ; Bone Neoplasms ; drug therapy ; pathology ; Calcium Phosphates ; pharmacology ; Cell Line, Tumor ; Delayed-Action Preparations ; Doxorubicin ; pharmacology ; Female ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Nude ; Microspheres ; Osteosarcoma ; drug therapy ; pathology

OBJECTIVETo study the mRNA expression of the tumor suppressor gene thyroid stimulating hormone receptor (TSHR) gene in papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) and the correlation between aberrant promoter methylation of TSHR gene and the tumorigenesis of PTC.

METHODSRT-PCR was used to detect the mRNA expression of TSHR gene in 50 PTC cases, 20 cases of nodular goiter and 12 cases of thyroid adenoma tissue. The status of TSHR gene promoter methylation was determined using methylation-specific PCR technique.

RESULTSOf the 50 PTC patients, 34 (68%) were found to have hypermethylation of TSHR gene promoter region, as compared to 7 out of the 32 control patients (21.9%) positive for TSHR gene promoter hypermethylation, suggesting a significantly higher rate of TSHR promoter methylation of in PTC patients than in the control patients (chi(2) = 16.61, P<0.05). Of the 34 PTC patients with TSHR promoter methylation, 14 (41.2%) showed the absence of TSHR mRNA expression; in the 16 PTC patients without TSHR promoter methylation, only 2 (12.5%) were negative for TSHR mRNA expression, showing a significant difference in the rate of negative TSHR mRNA expression with regard to TSHR promoter methylation. The PTC patients had a significantly lower TSHR mRNA expression than the control patients (chi(2) = 4.02, P<0.05).

CONCLUSIONMethylation of TSHR gene in the promoter region is a common molecular event, which might be associated with the tumorigenesis and progression of human PTC.

Adult ; Base Sequence ; Carcinoma, Papillary ; genetics ; DNA Methylation ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Promoter Regions, Genetic ; RNA, Messenger ; genetics ; Receptors, Thyrotropin ; genetics ; Thyroid Neoplasms ; genetics ; Transcription, Genetic