Objective To observe the serum levels of calcium, phosphorus, alkaline phosphatase (ALP), parathy-roid hormone (PTH) and 25-hydroxyvitamin D, and the influence of biochemical markers of bone turnover in Graves’dis-ease. Methods Sixty-two patients with Graves’disease were enrolled into the Graves’disease group and 91 healthy indi-viduals as a control group. Electrochemical luminescence was used to evaluate the plasma levels of PTH and 25-hydroxyvita-min D in two groups. The serum levels of calcium, phosphorus and ALP were measured with biochemistry methods in two groups. Results The serum levels of calcium, phosphorus, ALP and 25-hydroxyvitamin D were significantly higher in the Graves’disease group compared with those in control group (P<0.01). The serum levels of calcium, phosphorus, ALP and 25-hydroxyvitamin D were significantly higher in female patients than those of control group, and the level of PTH was lower than that of control group. For male patients, the levels of ALP and 25-hydroxyvitamin D were higher than those of control group, and the level of PTH was lower than that of control group. In Graves’disease group, patients with vitamin D deficien-cy were 17 cases (27.4%), insufficiency 20 cases (32.3%) and sufficiency 25 cases (40.3%), respectively. In control group, there were 54 cases with vitamin D deficiency (59.3%), 31 cases with insufficiency vitamin D (34.1%) and 6 cases with suffi-ciency vitamin D (6.6%), respectively. There was no correlation in plasma levels of PTH, 25-hydroxyvitamin D, serum calci-um and serum phosphorus in Graves’disease group. Conclusion The bone turnover is accelerated in Graves’disease. The increased plasma level of 25-hydroxyvitamin D is related with increased calcium level and decreased PTH level in Graves’ disease. The increased serum phosphorus reduces 1-α-hydroxylase activity. Vitamin D deficiency plays a minor role in bone metabolism of Graves’disease.

Objective To investigate the impact of daidzein(DAI)on the pyroptosis of renal tubular epithelial cells induced by high glucose by regulating NOD-like receptor protein 3(NLRP3)/caspase-1 signal pathway.Methods HK-2 cells were divided into control group(NC group)(5.5 mmol/L D-glucose),HG group(30 mmol/L D-glucose),DAI-L,DAI-M,DAI-H groups(HK-2 cells were incubated with 30 mmol/L D-glucose and 25,50,100 μmol/L DAI,respectively),and DAI-H+LPS group(HK-2 cells were incubated with 30 mmol/L D-glucose,100 μmol/L DAI and 1 μg/mL LPS).MTT assay was applied to detect the cytotoxicity and proliferation of HK-2 cells;the apoptosis of HK-2 cells was detected by flow cytometry.The level of interleukin-1β(IL-1β)and inter-leukin-18(IL-18)in HK-2 cells was detected by ELISA.The morphology of pyroptosis cells was ob-served by scanning electron microscope.Immunofluorescence staining was applied to detect pyroptosis related pro-teins.The expression of NLRP3,cleaved casase-1 and GSDMD-N was detected by Western blot.Results In NC group,the cells were spherical with regular boundaries,while in HG group,the cells swelled and became larger with irregular boundaries;the OD value(490 nm)of HK-2 cells in HG group was obviously lower than that in NC group(P＜0.05),the apoptosis rate,IL-1β,IL-18 contents,NLRP3,cleaved casase-1,GSDMD-N protein level of HK-2 cells were obviously higher(P＜0.05);After DAI treatment,the swelling of cells was alleviated,the A value(490 nm)of HK-2 cells increased significantly(P＜0.05),the apoptosis rate of HK-2 cells,IL-1 β,IL-18 content,NLRP3,cleaved-caspase-1 and GSDMD-N protein levels were significantly decreased(P＜0.05)and the therapeutic effect of DAI was dose-dependent;LPS eliminated the beneficial effect of DAI-H on high glucose in-duced apoptosis of renal tubular epithelial cells.Conclusions DAI may alleviate pyroptosis of renal tubular epithe-lial cells induced by high glucose through inhibition of NLRP3/caspase-1 signaling pathway.