Objective To establish a new method for assessing the effects of environmental factors on human health.Methods Based on the environment part of the frame for comparative risk assessment(CRA) of WHO,the frame and index system for environmental contamination risk assessment which accorded with the situation in China was developed.With the prevalence of different exposure level,RR and the choice of counterfactual scenario,the potential impact fraction(PIF) was estimated.Then an example on the study of liver cancer related with water pollution was used to show the new frame.In this example,the contaminated water was regarded as the environmental factor,incidence of liver cancer was regarded as variable of health,and the analysis was performed with spatial interpolation,counterfactual analysis and CRA theory.Results The quantity of COD of river water in this area was estimated with ordinary Kriging interpolation,and the accumulated exposure of COD was calculated with the trend of annual COD,and the number of population exposed to COD was estimated at same time.In accordance with the different level of pollution and the RR relate to liver cancer,the trend with monotonically increasing showed.At same time,the values of PIF illuminated that 75.72% in male and 66.39% in female would avoid death for liver cancer if the level of contaminated water could be reduced to the level of the control areas.Conclusion The frame includes CRA,spatial analysis and counterfactual analysis is a good approach to assess the health effects of environmental factors.

Objective To explore the effects of sports training on endothelin-1 ( ET-1 ) and endothelin-1 receptor (ETR) and its subtypes in the myocardium in rats. Methods After sports training, levels of endothelin-1 were measured using radioimmunoassay, and changes in ETAR and ETBR levels by radioligand binding assay. Results The endothelin-1 level in myocardial cells was significantly reduced ( P

Objective:To analyze the causes of microbial contamination in methadone hydrochloride oral solution used for the ma-intenance treatment of heroin addict in Guangxi and propose the relative countermeasures. Methods:The samples of methadone hydro-chloride oral solution were obtained from 10 maintenance treatment clinics, and then the microbial limit test and identification were per-formed,the content of preservative was detected and the relationship between the preservative content and microbial contamination was studied. Results:The total number of aerobe in the samples of methadone hydrochloride oral solution from the 10 clinics was all over the standard limit value of 100 cfu·ml-1 ,and the main contaminating germ was Burkholderia cepacia. The contents of sorbic acid were 78. 2％-98. 3％,the four batches with the lowest concentration of preservative were detected with higher total number of aerobe. Con-clusion:The microbial contamination in methadone hydrochloride oral solution from the 10 maintenance treatment clinics is severe,and the environment of medicine packaging, content of preservatives, packaging machine and storage conditions are the primary causes for the microbial contamination. To ensure drug quality safety, it is suggested that the environment cleanliness of medicine packaging be improved, suitable content of preservatives be added, packaging machine be clean, the products be stored in shade and the quality be tested regularly.

green light(480 nm).

AIM: Firstly to evaluate the changes of corneal sensation and its effect to dry eye syndrome after laser in situ keratomileusis (LASIK); secondly to evaluate the relation between the changes of corneal sensation and the laser ablation depth. ·METHODS: 30 patients (60 eyes) had bilateral LASIK with a superior-hinged flap. Every patient underwent preoperative and postoperative (after one week, one month and three months) evaluations, including corneal sensation, Schirmer's basic tear secretion test, tear breakup time (TBUT), corneal fluorescein stainting, and a questionnaire evaluating dry eye obtained from each patient.·RESULTS: Compared with preoperative level, after one week and one month, the difference of corneal sensation was very significant (P＜ 0.01); after three months, there was no statistical difference (P ＞ 0.05). After one week, there was no statistical difference (P ＞ 0.05) in the subjective dry eye symptoms, after one month, the difference was significant(P=0.025 ＜0.05) and after three months, the difference was very significant (P=0.001 ＜ 0.01). Compared with preoperative level, the basic tear secretion decreased significantly after one week and one month(P＜ 0.01), it did not return to the baseline level after three months (P ＜ 0.01). Tear breakup time decreased significantly after the surgery, and after three months, there was still statistical difference compared with preoperative level (P ＜ 0.01); with cornea fluorescence staining, we found corneal epithelial defect was most serious after one month after LASIK, and did not return to the baseline level after three months (P ＜ 0.01). Linear regression analysis and relevant were used to evaluate the relation between the changes of corneal sensation and the laser ablation depth (r=0.798, P ＜ 0.01). ·CONCLUSION: The central corneal sesation decreased noticeable after LASIK, and it recovered three months postoperatively, but the indicators of dry eye syndrome did not return to their preoperative levels following it. We have found that the decreasation of corneal sensation had positive correlation with the laser ablation depth.

AIM: To compare the visual effects of optimized aspheric transition zone Laser in situ keratomileusis (OAT z-LASIK )versus conventional Laser in situ keratomileusis (con. LASIK).METHODS: In a prospective study 44 patients (88 eyes)underwent OAT z -LASIK and 50 patients (92 eyes) received conventional LASIK surgery. Visual acuity,refractions、contrast sensitivity (CS),glare sensitivity (GS), and increment of Q-value after surgery were studied.RESULTS: All of operations on 94 cases were successful without severe complication after 3 months' follow-up. There was no significant difference in term of postoperative refractions between the two groups (t-test,P＞0.05). The uncorrected visual acuity (UCVA), CS, GS, and increment of Q-value of OAT z group were significantly better compared to the tradition group 3 months after the surgery (P＜0.05).CONCLUSION: OAT z - LASIK is a more effective procedure to improve visual quality compared to conventional LASIK.

Objective To discuss the opportunity of transurethral resection of prostate (TURP) after transrectal prostate biopsy.Methods We analyzed 60 cases of benign prostatic hyperplasia(BPH) who underwent TURP after transrectal prostate biopsy from September 2013 to September 2015.All the patients were divided into either group A or group B in chronological order, with 30 cases in each group.There were no significant differences in age, prostate specific antigen (PSA), prostate volume, hemoglobin level, and international prostate symptom score (IPSS) between the two groups.The group A and group B were treated by TURP at 1 week and 4 weeks after transrectal prostate biopsy, respectively.The parameters including operation time, excised prostate weight, intraoperative total blood loss, bladder irrigation time, and IPSS at 3 months after operation were recorded.Results The operation time, intraoperative total blood loss, bladder irrigation time, and IPSS in the group B were significantly lower than those in the group A [(58.3±6.0) min vs.(62.0±3.3) min, t=2.952, P=0.005;(154.1±15.8) ml vs.(167.4±29.5) ml, t=2.181, P=0.035;(19.2±0.8) h vs.(20.6±2.3) h, t=3.034, P=0.004;(18.3±2.5) points vs.(20.3±2.0) points, t=3.419, P=0.001].The excised prostate weight in the group B was significantly higher than that in the group A [(37.1±4.0) g vs.(33.3±7.8) g, t=-2.341, P=0.024].Conclusions TURP performed at 4 weeks after transrectal prostate biopsy can significantly increase the excised prostate weight, reduce intraoperative total blood loss volume, shorten the operation time and postoperative bladder irrigation time, and improve urinary symptoms.In brief, we recommend that TURP be executed at 4 weeks after transrectal prostate biopsy.

BACKGROUND: Carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity in hemodialysis patients is influenced by multiple factors.OBJECTIVE: To explore the carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity (PWVcf) changes and related factors in maintenance hemodialysis (MHD) patients.DESIGN, TIME AND SETTING: Non-randomized control experiment was performed at the Third Hospital of Peking University from January to August 2006.PARTICIPANTS: A total of 66 MHD patients were selected from Third Hospital of Peking University.METHODS: General clinical conditions, biochemical indexes, PWVcf and subjective nutritional state were evaluated. MHD patients were divided into two groups according to the state of nutrition evaluated with SGA: non-malnutrition (n=49), malnutrition group (n=17). The PWVcf of two groups was compared, and one-way and multiple regression analyses were performed to explore PWVcf-relatest factors.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: PWVcf, blood albumin and parathyroid hormone.RESULTS: PWVcf was significantly positively correlated with age (r= 0.284, P< 0.05), systolic blood pressure (r= 0.468, P<0. 001), and pulse pressure (r=0.451, P< 0.001), while negatively correlated with prealbumin (r=0.318, P< 0. 05),plasma-albumin (r=0.263, P< 0.05), parathyroid hormone (r=0.167, P< 0.05), serum creatinine (r=0.347, P= 0.004)and transferring (r=0.284, P < 0.05) before dialysis. Multiple regression analysis demonstrated that pulse pressure and parathyroid hormone were independently related with PWVcf. The PWVcf was significantly increased in malnutrition group compared with non-malnutrition group (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Pulse pressure is the major clinical determinants of arterial stiffness in patients with MHD independent of conventional risk factors for cardiovascular disease; Malnutrition and atherosclerosis are common complications of MHD,showing close relationship. The PWVcf was significantly increased in malnutrition patients.

Objective To observe the clilnical effect of treatment of chill by butorphanol after epidural anesthesthia. Methods One hundred patients under going epidural anesthesia , divided into two groups randomly, 50 in butorphanol group(B)were injected intravenously through upper limbs with 0. 04% butorphanol (diluted with normal saline)20 μg/kg; 50 in pethidine group(P) were injected intravenously through upper limbs with 1% pethidine ( diluted with normal saline )0. 75 mg/kg. The speed of the two injection was30 ml/min, after five minutes the patients who were still chilling were injected with midazolam 0. 05 mg/kg. Observe the effect and complications after one minute, three minutes and five minutes. Results After one minute and five minutes the effect of treating chill was no statistically difference ( P ＞ 0. 05 ).However, after three minutes the effect of the butorphanol group was obviously superior to the pethidine group ( P ＜0. 05) ,And the complications of butorphanol group was also less than pethidine group ( P ＜0. 01) . Conclusion Butorphanol display good effect on treating the chill after epidural anesthesia.

Chlorella is nutritious and has been used as a functional food much earlier than the other microalgae. C. pyrenoidosa, the potential microalgae which is currently cultured and developed for the new strategic industry of biofuels production and biological CO2 fixation, is a new resource food announced by the Ministry of Health of the People's Republic of China late 2012. Accumulation of high value-added substances in C. pyrenoidosa during the cultivation for lipid makes it possible to reduce the costs for C. pyrenoidosa-based biofuels production. Among these potential substances, hot water extract of Chlorella (CE), commercially known as "Chlorella growth factor", is the unique one that makes Chlorella more precious than the other algae, and the market price of CE is high. It is believed that CE is effective in growth promotion and immunoregulation. However, there is no systematic analysis on the research status of CE and its bioactivity. The present report summarized recent research progress of CE and its bioactivity. Generally, besides the main effect on immunoregulation and tumor inhibition, CE was efficient in improving metabolic syndrome, scavenging for free radicals, protecting against ultraviolet damage, chelating heavy metals, and protecting liver and bowel. Several major challenges in CE research as well as its prospects were also analysed in the present report.
Biofuels ; Chlorella ; chemistry ; Humans ; Lipids ; chemistry ; Plant Extracts ; chemistry ; pharmacology ; Water