The extraction rate in orthodontic practice changes from different ages,areas,doctors or patient groups.Every ways and means has its advantages and disadvantages,so has different indications.The discussion of extraction or nonextraction is always a focus in orthodontic practice.It is not only pure science but also has some relations with philosophy,ethics aesthetics,moral philosophy so we not only need professional knowledge and techniques,but also need to be responsible and serve the giant population.

Objective To investigate the clinical features of hidden horizontal tears of the posterior horn of the medial meniscus and clinical efficacy of arthroscopic partical meniscectomy. Methods A total of 14 cases of hidden horizontal tears of posterior horn of the medial meniscus from May 2011 to May 2013 were enrolled.The knee arthroscopy was carried out through anteromedial and anterolateral approaches.The lesion of tears was exposed after the inner edge of posterior horn of the meniscus was bitten away.The bottom of the posterior horn of meniscus was found instable during the operation, which was then removed to conduct a partial meniscectomy.Afterwards the arthroscopic meniscus plasty of the posterior horn was performed. Results Arthroscopic photographs showed normal appearance in 6 cases and tears underside meniscus in 8 cases, all of which were confirmed to be horizontal medial meniscus posterior horn tear during operation.The mean time of operation was 32 min (range, 26-40 min), and the mean hospitalization time was 6 days ( range, 3-8 d) .There was no complications, such as infections or stiffnesses.All the patients were followed up for 2 -3 years.Subjective symptoms improved significantly after arthroscopic partial meniscectomy.According to the Lysholm knee scoring scale, the scores were (71.1 ±6.6) points preoperatively and (92.0 ±3.4) points postoperatively, with significant difference (t=10.530, P=0.000). Conclusion Diagnosis of hidden horizontal tears of the medial meniscus posterior horn is often difficult, because most patients have osteoarthritic knees.Careful physical examination and MRI are critical for making a correct diagnosis.Arthroscopic partial meniscectomy can help patients obtain better results.

Objective To observe the spatial and temporal expression patterns of FGFR3 gene and analyze the potential roles of FGFR3 during fracture healing and explore the technique of in situ hybridization of paraffin sections of bone tissue. Methods The fracture model of mouse tibia was established by the standard methods. The expression of FGFR3 mRNA was studied by in situ hybridization during the various stages of bone repair. Results There was faint FGFR3 positive-signal in the cytoplasm of prehypertrophic chondrocytes in soft callus on day 5. FGFR3 mRNA was strongly expressed in prehypertrophic chondrocytes and hypertrophic chondrocytes in soft callus on day 7, but disappeared on day 14, 28 because chondrocytes was replaced by osteoblasts. Conclusion FGFR3 mRNA was strongly expressed in prehypertrophic chondrocytes and hypertrophic chondrocytes in the fracture callus, which shows that FGFR3, a gene that regulates the proliferation of chondrocytes during bone development, may participate in the regulation of differentiation of chondrocytes during fracture healing.

Human lymphocyte function-associated antigen 3 (hLFA3) has been identified as an important T cell accessory molecule. Rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) have been widely used as animal models for human immune disorders. Due to the species-specificity of immune system, it is necessary to study M. mulatta LFA3 (mmLFA3). In this study, the gene encoding mmLFA3 CD2-binding domain (mmLFA3Sh) was amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and genetically fused to human IgG1 Fc fragment in pPIC9K to construct the expression plasmid pPIC9K-mmLFA3Sh-Ig. Approximately 3-4 mg mmLFA3Sh-Ig protein was recovered from 1 L of inductive media, and mmLFA3Sh-Ig produced by the P. pastoris can bind to the CD2 positive cells, and suppress the monkey and human lymphocytes proliferation induced by Con A and alloantigen in a dose-dependent manner. These results suggested that mmLFA3Sh-Ig might be used as a novel tool for pathogenesis and experimental immunotherapy of Rhesus monkey immune disorders.
Animals ; CD58 Antigens ; biosynthesis ; Humans ; Immunoglobulin G ; Lymphocyte Activation ; Macaca mulatta ; Pichia ; Plasmids ; Protein Interaction Domains and Motifs ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins ; biosynthesis ; T-Lymphocytes

AIM:To investigate the immunomodulatory effect of astragalus saponin(AS)on macrophages and explore the mechanism of its immunomodulation.METHODS:By adding different concentrations of AS into cultured mouse peritoneal macrophages in vitro,the influence of AS on the synthesis of nitro oxide(NO)was detected by NO kit(enzymatic method).MTT assay was used to determine the cytotoxicity of macrophages induced by AS.The morphological changes of macrophages were observed under transmission electron microscope.LSCM and specificity fluorescent probe Fluo-3/AM were applied to observe the change of Ca2+ in macrophages induced by AS.RESULTS:AS significantly increased NO synthesis,enhanced the effects of mouse peritoneal macrophages on killing carcinoma cells.Cell surface projection exhibited multiplication,becoming thickening and growth longer via transmission electron microscope.Increase in intracellular Ca2+ in macrophages was also observed.CONCLUSION:AS enhances the immune function of macrophages by increasing NO synthesis and enhancing cytotoxicity.The increased intracellular Ca2+ may be the mechanism of immunomodulatory effect of AS.

Blindness ; epidemiology ; etiology ; prevention & control ; China ; epidemiology ; Humans ; Vision, Low ; epidemiology ; etiology ; prevention & control

OBJECTIVETo assess the feasibility and safety of robot-assisted laparoscopic radical prostatectomy (RLRP) in the treatment of prostate cancer.

METHODSUsing the da Vinci robot surgical system, we performed RLRP for 34 patients with localized prostate cancer and analyzed the intraoperative and follow-up data.

RESULTSThe procedures were performed successfully in all the patients, with the mean operation time of 198 min (range 135-340 min), average blood loss of 257 ml (range 50-700 ml), and 1 case of blood transfusion, but no postoperative complications. Three cases had positive surgical margins. Postoperative examination at 4 weeks showed PSA > 0.2 microg/L in 2 cases, suggestive of residual tumor, for which maximal androgen block therapy was administered. The other 32 patients were followed up for 3-10 (mean 7.5) months, during which the average level of serum tPSA remained < 0.2 microg/L. Urinary continence was found in 94% (32/34) and 97% (33/34) of the patients at 3 and 6 months, respectively, of whom 77% (26/34) and 88% (30/34) had no urinary leakage (0 pad per day).

CONCLUSIONRLRP, with its advantages of less perioperative blood loss, low rate of positive margin, and good urinary continence, is a safe and effective surgical option for the treatment of prostate cancer.

Aged ; Humans ; Laparoscopy ; methods ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Prostatectomy ; methods ; Prostatic Neoplasms ; surgery ; Retrospective Studies ; Robotics

Combined Modality Therapy ; High-Frequency Ventilation ; methods ; Humans ; Infant, Newborn ; Nitric Oxide ; administration & dosage ; Persistent Fetal Circulation Syndrome ; drug therapy ; Pulmonary Surfactants ; administration & dosage

Humans ; Integrative Medicine ; Medicine, Chinese Traditional ; Occupational Diseases ; therapy ; Osteoarthritis, Knee ; therapy

Objective To investigate the consumption rate of non-iodized salt,and evaluate the iodine status and goiter prevalence among school children in high water iodine areas of Henan Province from 2014 to 2015.Methods In the 20 counties with high water iodine,one township was randomly selected from each location (east,west,south,north and middle) in each county;secondly,4 villages were selected from each chosen township;thirdly,15 households were selected to collect salt samples from each chosen village.In the 10 chosen counties,one village with high water iodine was selected and water samples were collected;one school was sequentially selected from the chosen village and 100 school children aged 8-10 were chosen to collect their urine samples and measure their thyroid volume.Salt iodine was tested by semi-quantitative method;iodine contents of urine and water were tested by arsenic cerium catalytic spectrophometry;thyroid volume was measured by ultrasound method.Results In the 20 counties with high water iodine,4 440 salt samples were collected and tested both in 2014 and 2015;the rates of non-iodized salt were 98.2％ (4 363/4 440) in 2014 and 98.3％ (4 366/4 440) in 2015.In the 10 chosen counties,the median water iodine contents from the chosen villages were 202.0 μg/L in 2014 and 235.0 μg/L in 2015;970and 999 urine samples of the students from the chosen villages were collected and tested in 2014 and 2015,and the median urinary iodine contents were 251.9 μg/L in 2014 and 290.6 μg/L in 2015;937 and 948 students were examined in 2014 and 2015,the goiter rates were 3.4％ (32/937) in 2014 and 7.8％ (74/948) in 2015.Stratified by water iodine,the urinary iodine contents and goiter rates of school children increased with the rise of water iodine content.When the water iodine content exceeded 300 μg/L,goiter rate of school children was 8.4％,which was higher than other groups (P ＜ 0.05).Conclusions After stopping the supple of iodized salt in high water iodine areas,the current iodine status and goiter rate of school children are still higher than normal levels.Both noniodized salt supply and water improvement to reduce water iodine content should be taken in the areas with water iodine higher than 150 μg/L.