Osteoarthritis ( OA) is a chronic joint disease characterized by degeneration of articular cartilage and changes of subchondral bone play an important role in the occurrence and development of OA .Recent studies have found that change in the struc-ture and mechanical properties of subchondral bone is one of the main pathological processes in OA .To confirm the role of subchondral bone in OA process can provide not only more details about the pathogenesis of OA , but also new targets for treatment .Early diagnosis and treatment of OA may be possible by detecting radiographic and genomics of subchondral bone .We review subchondral bone chan-ges andits role in OA process in aspects of biomechanics , biology, radiological and genomics .

Objective:To Compare the operational status of the New Rural Cooperative Medical Scheme( NCMS) in 14 Counties of 6 provinces. Methods:Two provinces were selected from eastern, central and western areas respec-tively and then two counties were chosen randomly from each province, but each of Jiangsu and Guangxi Provinces pro-vided 3 to reach the sample number of 14 counties. Excel 2007 was used for descriptive and comparative analysis of fund and in-patient service for NCMS. Results:The average funding standard was about 300 and 350 Yuan for 2012 and 2013. Hospitals outside county were frequently used and the ratio was over 40% in county I. Except Jiangsu and An-hui, the rate of enrollees who get compensation for inpatient service was over 10% and the actual compensation rate more than 50%, Fujian being an exception. Average hospitalization costs per time were different among counties and significantly rose in 2013. The ratio of out of pocket inpatient service expenses to the net rural household income was diverse among counties and it declines in some of them in 2013. The rate of fund for hospitals outside county was high and that of G counties was more than50%. The fund surplus rate was negative in that same year and was accumulatively ranging between 1 and 2%. Conclusions:The NCMS financing level was low and the personal financing responsibility was lighter;the enrollees didn’t contribute enough. In-patient service utilization structure was not rational in different level hospitals. The actual compensation rate for inpatient service didn’t increase a lot and the medical expenses burden didn’t alleviate apparently. The funds supervision was weak and it probably leaded to a high risk fund deficit.

Objective: To analyze the current status of village health worker practice and their remuneration in six provinces. Methods: After 18 counties (cities/districts) from 6 provinces are selected based on their levels of economic and social development, this paper uses self-designed questionnaires to survey all village clinics under the jurisdiction of these 18 counties. Results: The average numbers of village health workers range from 6. 79 to 19. 05 per 10,000 rural populations and 1. 36 to 3. 24 per village. In some provinces, more than 20% of the village health workers are 60 years old, and the educational level of more than 50% is technical secondary school and they have village health worker prac-ticing certificates only. The coverage ratio of medical malpractice liability insurance among village health workers in two western provinces is less than 11%. Except Jiangsu province, village health workers in the other five provinces have mainly joined the New Rural Pension Scheme ( NRPS) . Jiangsu province ranks the highest in subsidies for the services of public health and essential medicines per village health workers, and Fujian province ranked the lowest. Village health workers who are included in the administrative staffing management of township health centers account for less than 20%. Except Jiangsu province, more than 70% village health workers provide 24-hour service. The number of the outflow personnel is higher than the number of the inflow. Conclusions and Suggestions:The problem of village health worker aging is getting worse. Their education level, practicing quality and remuneration are low. This paper suggests the government not only improve the practicing quality and define the legal status of village health workers, but also in-crease the remuneration, incentives and job satisfaction of village health workers Further studies should be conducted in order to put forward a more practical advice about how to attract more health workers in rural areas.

Objective:To analyze the status quo and problems of the health human resources of township health center.Methods:296 township health centers in 18 counties of 6 provinces were selected with typical sampling and workers in the centers as target population.Relative administrative officials and directors of township health centers were interviewed.Descriptive analysis and thematic analysis were conducted with quantitative data and qualitative da-ta.Results:The volume and distribution of human resources in township health centers are not balanced and the allo-cation standard of the middle area is low.The null establishment and the employees out of establishment coexist.The allocation of health human resources inside township health centers is not reasonable and the ratio of health profes-sionals is lower than national standard.The rate of senior professionals is low.That health workers are out of stock is a potential problem in some counties.Medical education is not matched with the demand of township health centers.The recruitment policy is inappropriate and the remuneration of health professionals is low.It is difficult for the worker in township health centers to get professional promotion.Recommendations:The structure of workers in township health centers and the recruitment policy should be adjusted.The path of professional promotion should be clear in order to ex-pand the space of career development of workers in township health centers.Improving the remuneration of workers in township health centers should be considered to increase the attractiveness of the post in township health centers.

[Objective]To analyze the effect of the surgical operation for cervical myelopathy due to mixed ossification of posterior longitudinal ligament (OPLL). [Methods]Forty-two patients with mixed OPLL were enrolled from June 2003 to June 2007.Eighteen were treated with posterior laminoplasty combined with anchor nail fixation(group A).Fifteen with laminoplasty (group B) and the other nine with laminectomy(group C).According to the Japanese Orthopaedic Association (JOA) scoring system for cervical myelopathy,the neural function scores were obtained. The cervical shoulder pain score and the influence factors for prognosis were documented.[Results]All patients were followed for 6 months to 4 years (mean 23 months). The differences between preoperation and post operation were significant among the three different surgery type groups (P

Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Tracheal Stenosis

Aged ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Mycoses ; complications ; Nasal Septal Perforation ; complications ; microbiology ; Sinusitis ; complications ; microbiology

Objecitve To conclude the clinical manifestation of Fournier's gangrene (FG) and its emergency treatment.Methods From 2006 to 201 1,12 patient were involved in the study,all had received debridement,wide spectrum antibiotics and support therapy,the clinical manifestation,treatment choice and prognosis were analyzed retrospectively.Results All patients were male with 67.7 year-old mean age.Initial lesions were all in scrotal skin,an average procedures of each patient was 3.5,mean hospitalization days was 29.7 days.Surgical wound was healed by left scrotal skin in all cases,2 cases with huge urethra defect were received perineostomy.Ten cases were survived with 57-months follow-up and mortality was 16.7％.Conclusions Fournier is one of emergency disease of Urology.Its mortality is still high.Intensive care and appropriate anti-biotic therapy combined with surgical treatment is the key of FG's management.

This research uses six Agrobacterium rhizogenes R1601, R15384, R1000, A4, R1025 and R1 to infect silymarin explants to induce hairy roots and silibin. All of the six A. rhizogenes can induce Silybum marianum to generate hairy roots and the A. rhizogene A4 shows comparatively high infection on the plant. This research determines the condition to induce silymarin hairy roots by the factors of infection time, pre-culturing, co-culturing and pH value. The fact that MS liquid medium fits the proliferation of silymarin hairy roots is determined. Through PCR molecular identification, it can be seen that the DNA plasmids in the A. rhizogenes are successfully integrated into the genome of transformed roots. Using liquid chromatography, it is determined that the silibin content in silymarin hairy roots is 2.5 times that in the plant In this research, the silymarin hairy roots culturing system is established, which lays a foundation for the study of culturing silymarin hairy roots and producing silibin.
Agrobacterium ; genetics ; physiology ; Cell Culture Techniques ; methods ; Milk Thistle ; chemistry ; genetics ; growth & development ; microbiology ; Plant Roots ; chemistry ; genetics ; growth & development ; microbiology ; Silymarin ; analysis ; Transformation, Genetic