Objective To study the development of children's understanding the probabilities of the causes of illness.Methods 120 5-to 9-year-old children were interviewed via open-ended items and forced choices about illness. Results There were statistical significance in their understanding of the probabilities of the causes of illness and their strategies of prediction among the three groups(χ2(2)= 50.134,P ＜0.01;χ2(6)= 95.781, P ＜0.01);in addition, there was statistical significance between the two educational backgrounds (χ2(1)= 11.162, P ＜0.01;χ2(3)= 35.043, P ＜0.01). Conclusion Some preschool-aged children viewed outcomes of familiar causes of illness as probabilistic. The children's understanding of the causes' probabilities appeared to be based on naive biology. 5- to 9-year-old children made probabilistic predictions from a single cause to multiple causes. Children coming from higher educational backgrounds outperformed their counterparts coming from lower educational backgrounds with respect to understanding illness.

Aspirin ; administration & dosage ; therapeutic use ; Blood Cell Count ; Blood Platelets ; drug effects ; physiology ; C-Reactive Protein ; analysis ; Child, Preschool ; Diagnosis, Differential ; Female ; Humans ; Hydroxyurea ; administration & dosage ; therapeutic use ; Interferons ; administration & dosage ; therapeutic use ; Platelet Count ; Thrombocythemia, Essential ; blood ; diagnosis ; therapy

Animals ; Biomarkers ; metabolism ; Body Fluids ; metabolism ; Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic ; Humans ; MicroRNAs ; metabolism ; physiology ; Neoplasms ; metabolism ; physiopathology ; Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction

Theapplicationofinternalextractiveelectrosprayionizationmassspectrometry(iEESI-MS)was extended to direct molecular analysis of garlic tissues. By obviating time-consuming sample preparations, fragile active garlic substances such as organosulfur compounds ( e. g. , alliin, allicin ) were successfully detected and identified via collision-induced dissociation ( CID) , together with amino acids ( e. g. , arginine) and saccharides ( glucose, polysaccharides) . Mass spectral fingerprints of different kinds of garlic cloves, as well as various post-treatment ones, were further processed via principal component analysis ( PCA) to better visualize the differences. Our experimental results indicated that iEESI-MS allowed rapid recognition of metabolic changes in the garlic tissue subject to various external stimuli. The merits included simplicity of analysis, high speed ( less than 2 min per sample ) , good specificity, and minimal disturbance to the bioactivity of analytes.

Objective: To sum up characteristics of hotline counseling about mental health problems in Shanghai. Method: All records of hotline counseling from 1990 to 2000 were input into computer. Retrospective analysis was done. Results: In the past 10 years, the main issues in hotline counseling were associated with love affairs (18.1%), emotional troubles (15.8%), psychosis (11.3%), and interpersonal relationship (8.1%), which were also related to the help-seekers background, such as gender, age, education levels, occupation and marriage status.

A total of 135 patients diagnosed with Budd-Chiari syndrome(BCS)during August 2004 and February 2007 were reviewed and analyzed retrospectively.The results showed that 105 subiects (77.8%)caused by malignances,while 29 participants(21.5%)had no definite pathogens.The most commonly seen symptom included jaundiee(69.6%),followed by ascites(48.2%),abdominal distention (40.7%)and lower extremity edema(37.0%).Hisher levels of STB,PT and γ-GT were determined.Color Dopple ultrasound,CT and MRI could be helpful in diagnosing BCS;angiography remained the most accurate measurement.Main treatment strategies were stent implantation and/or balloon dilation.BCS is a clinical syndrome with no typical symptoms.which makes its management very difficult.A complete understanding of the condition will help reduce misdiagnosis.Angiography and stent implantation are primary ways to diagnose or treat BCS.

Background Brn-3a is a newly discovered specificity marker for retina ganglion cells(RGCs).It is well-known that RGCs damage is a important pathological basis of hypertension-visual disorder.But the study concerning expression of Brn-3a in RGCs in glaucoma eye is still rately.Objective The purpose of this work was to investigate the changes of Brn-3a expression in model eye with chronic high intraocular pressure(IOP) and its relation with morphology of retina and the expression of Brn-3a in chronic ocular hypertension rats.Methods Thirty-five clean adult SD rats were randomly divided into normal control group(5 rats) and model group(30 rats).Experimental chronic ocular hypertension models were induced unilaterally in the left eyes of 30 health adult SD rats by cauterizing super-scleral veins,and the conjunctival incision was made in the right eyes as sham operative group.The operated rats were subdivided into 6 groups according to the examination time points and 6 rats for each group.IOP was measured with Tono-Pen tonometer before and after 30 minutes,1,3,7,14,28 day after surgery respectively.The rat models were sacrificed in 1,3,5,7,14,28 days after operation by excessive anesthesia method,and retinal section was prepared for the histopathological examination and the RGCs were counted using Nissl staining method.Expression of Brn-3a in RGCs was detected by immunohistochemistry.This experimental complied with the Regulations for the Administration of Affair Concerning Experimental Animals by State Science and Technology Commission.Results The IOP was significantly raised from 30 minutes to 28 days after operation in model eyes with the top IOP( 34.46±4.65 )mmHg in the 30 minutes after operation,showing statistically significant differences in various time groups ( F =95.631,P =0.001 ) and different eyes ( F =287.473,P =0.001 ).Compared with sham operative group,the IOP were elevated from 1 day through 14 days after operation ( q =18.418,15.261,10.987,6.931,4.975,2.962,P ＜ 0.05 ).The numbers of RGCs were ( 29.08 ± 1.98 ) in the normal control group and decreased gradually by 3.17％,7.84％,14.60％,22.40％ in 1,7,14,28 day after surgery in the model eyes with the considerable differences in comparison with normal eyes ( t =5.943,8.034,15.023,17.004,19.371,P ＜ 0.05 ).Immunochemistry revealed that Brn-3a was specially expressed in the RGCs layer and the positive RGCs for Brn-3a were evidently decreased as the prolong of high IOP duration ( F =127.583,P =0.000 ).Conclusions Chronic glaucoma model can be successfully established using Shareef-Sharma method.The loss of RGCs is associated with the high lOP duration.The expression level of Brn-3a is a reliable index of high-IOP-induced damage of optical nurve.

Objective To study the psychological changes and the effect of psychological intervention and to discuss the influence of psychological rehabilitation on carcinoma patients after comprehensive interventional therapy.Methods 100 carcinoma patients were divided into two groups randomly:the psychological intervention group(50 casea) received both psychological intervention therapy and comprehensive intervention therapy;the control group (50 cases) received only comprehensive interventional therapy;Curative effects were assessed with the Symptom Checklist90(SCL-90) ,the Self Rating Depression Scale(SDS) and the Self Rating Anxiety Scale(SAS) for each patient. Results For the psychological intervention group, SCL-90 scores after therapy was significantly lower than that before therapy ( P < 0. 05 ), and were also significantly lower than that ( without anxiety agent) of the control group. The scores of SDS and SAS in post-therapy patients were significantly lower than that of pre-therapy patients in the psychological intervention group. The scores of SDS had no statistical difference between post-therapy patients and pre-therapy patients in the control group. The scores of SAS in post-therapy patients was significantly lower than that of pre-therapy patients in the control group. Both scores of SDS and SAS in the control group were significantly higher than that of the psychological intervention group after therapy. Conclusion Psychological intervention for carcinoma patients after comprehensive interventional therapy played an promotional role in psychological rehabilitation in the community.

Objective To investigate the potential role of FoxP3-expressing CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells in children with asthma.Met-hods Intracellular 3-colour flow cytometry and real time PCR were used to assess the expression of FoxP3 in peripheral blood mononuclear cell(PBMC)of asthma,repectively.Results There were similar frequencies of CD4+ CD25+ T cells in peripheral blood of asthma patients and healthy subjects.However,the percentage of CD4+CD25high and CD4+CD25+FoxP3+ in asthma group were lower than those in healthy subjects(Pa

The effects of Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) nursing operation in cervical spondylitis have been generally recognized. This paper reviewed the applications and improvements of the major three TCM nursing operations, cupping, Gua-Sha and acupressure. The future developments in moxibustion, auricular point sticking, fumigation and washing therapy and moisten compress therapy were also prospected.