Objective Because a three-dimensional reconstucted imaging resulting from any site or orientation was acquired,the useful and helpful images for diagnosis should be identified.The present study is to identify a series of right-sided three-dimensional echocardicgraphy over transesophageal two-dimensional echocardicgraphy.Methods Three-dimensional echocardiography was performed in 5 normal subjects and 10 patients.With transesophageal echocardiography,the transducer was inserted into esophagus in different depth which can be visualized right atrium,tricuspid valve and right ventricular cavity.In these different depth,ninety rotational(2 degree interval)sector images of the heart were separately collected and digitized with the echo-scan system.After the images were processed,a three-dimensional data set was established.Any desired right-sided three-dimensional echocardiography could be computed,volume rendered and displayed in monitor.Results The images Of right-sided three-dimensional echoeardiography were reconsturcted in all subjects.A series of useful and helpful right-sided three-dimensional echocardiography were identified for diagnosis as following:①The image of sagital SVC and IVC.②IAS visualized from right atrium.③TV displayed from right atrium.④IVS rendered frma right ventricle.⑤IVS visualized from fight ventricle.⑥RA,TV,RV and RVOT entire appearance.(Z) RARVOT.PV and PA image.⑧The image of free wall of right ventride.⑨IAS,TV,IVS and RVOT entire appearancL Conclusions Three-dimensional eehocardiography is clinically feasible and useful.The images of richt-sided three-dimensional echocardiography identified with be helpful to diagnose the right-sided heart diseases.

Objective To observe normal range based on normal adult echocardiography with data mining retrospectively.Methods Analyzed the echocardiography data of 15 553 patients who came to Peking university People's Hospital from Nov 2012 to Nov 2014 without obvious abnormalities of cardiac structure and function.The reference range of 15 parameters were calculated and analyzed in correlation with gender,age and other factors for each group.Results The reference ranges of basic measurement parameters in two-dimensional echocardiography:main pulmonary artery diameter(MPA) (2.14 ± 0.22)cm,diameter of ascending aorta (asc Aorta) (2.87 ± 0.35) cm;The reference ranges of basic measurement parameters in M-mode echocardiography:aortic root diameter (Ao root diam) (2.82 ± 0.35) cm,left atrial dimension (LA dimension) (3.14 ± 0.37) cm,interventricular septal end-diastole thickness (Ⅳsd) (0.86 ±0.12)cm,left ventricular internal diameter at end-diastole (LVIDd)(4.67 ± 0.41)cm,left ventricular internal diameter at end-systole (LVIDs) (2.83 ± 0.34) cm,left ventricular posterior wall end-diastolic thickness(LVPWd) (0.85 ± 0.12) cm,end diastolic volume (EDV) (101.21 ± 19.83) ml,end-systole volume (ESV) (31.09 ± 9.07) ml,ejection fraction (EF) (69.55 ± 5.70) ％;The reference ranges of basic measurement parameters in pulsed doppler echocardiography:mitral A wave velocity (MVA) (73.14 ±16.42) cm/s,mitral E wave velocity(MVE) (84.18 ± 16.17) cm/s,E/A (1.21 ± 0.35),aortic peak velocity (Ao V2 max) (124.95 ± 19.87) cm/s.The measured parameters of males were higher than those of females and value of measured was increased with age for example measured parameters in LVIDd (r =0.225,P =0.00),IVSd(r =0.216,P =0.00),LA dimension (r =0.231,P =0.00) and E/A(r =0.212,P =0.00),with age were positive correlated.The range of 15 parameters in this study and the ASE 2015 guide are similar but have slightly different,such as this research shows that men's left ventricular end-diastolic diameter (4.77 ±0.41) cm,the ASE recommend (5.02 ±0.41) cm which is smaller than the result of this study.And this study for women (4.60 ± 0.40) cm is higher than the ASE recommended (4.50 + 0.36)cm.Conclusions Based on preliminary analysis of large data from normal adult echocardiography,the rang of measured values could be used as a normal reference value of echocardiographyfor routine practice in China.

0.05). In comparing the proportions of positions,there was a significant difference between two groups (P

To investigate the change of the left atrial volume before and after the percutanous balloon mitral valvuloplasty(PBMV),the 3-D reconstruction of the left atrium volume gas performed in 16 patients.The left atrial volume was 135.76±54.25cm3in diastole and 83.26±31.79cm3in systole before the PBMV and 89.34±46.55m3in diastole and 55.43±18.84m3in systole after PBMV.The change of the left atrial volume before and after PBMV was significant.No significant correlation existed between left atrial volume and the left atrial pressure,left atrial volume and pulmonary artery pressure both before and after PBMV.

Objective To study the clinical characteristics of hospitalized patients with pericardial effusion.Methods Four hundred and sixty-three pericardial effusion patients (211 males and 252 females) aged 5-92 (57.1±19.4) years admitted to Peking University People's Hospital were divided into 5-39 years old group (n=92),40-59 years old group (n=138),and 60-92 years old group (n=233).Their clinical data were analyzed.Results The top 3 etilogical factors of pericardial perfusion were tumor (22.7％),immune disease (15.8％) and unknown reasons (14.7％).The incidence of pericardial effusion due to immune disease and hypothyroidism was significantly higher while that of pericardial effusion due to chronic renal disease and tuberculosis was significantly lower in female patients than in male patients (P＜0.05,P＜0.01).The incidence of pericardial effusion due to immune disease,unknown reasons and hematopathy was significantly different in 3 groups (33.7％ vs 18.8％ vs 6.9％,9.8％ vs 8.0％ vs 20.6％,18.5％ vs 13.8％ vs 3.0％,P＜0.01).The most common risk factors for pericardial effusion were heart failure,infection,hypoproteinemia and renal insufficiency,with infection accounting for 61.6％.Conclusion ≥1risk factors can aggravate pericardial effusion in most pericardial effusion patients

Objective To review the clinical characteristics of left ventricular pseudo-aneurysm (LVPA) in China mainland.Methods The China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI),Wanfang Data,VIP information and PubMed database were searched to extract information on clinical profile,diagnostic imaging,treatment and outcome of patients with LVPA from January 1986 to April 2012.Results Clinical data of 77 patients with LVPAs (including 5 coexistent with true aneurysm) were extracted from 65 articles.There were 56 males (72.7％) and 11 females (27.3％) with a median age of 48 years old(range 5 to 82).The most common etiology was myocardial infarction (40,51.9％).Breathlessness/dyspnea (44.6％),chest discomfort (41.9％) and chest pain (41.9％) were the most frequently reported symptoms,but asymptomatic patients accounted for 10.8％ of all.86.4％ of the patients had electrocardiographic abnormalities,most of which were nonspecific ST segment changes.No event of thromboembolism was reported.Transthoracic echocardiography was the most commonly used diagnostic imaging test,followed by angiography with which no complication was reported.19 cases of pseudo-aneurysms(24.7％)were reported to rupture and 15 patients(19.5％) died,mostly of cardiac tamponade and sudden death.Conclusions LVPA is a rare and life-threatening disorder.It lacks of specific clinical manifestations distinguishable from coronary disease or heart failure.Emergency surgery is warranted once it is identified.

Objective To quantitatively assess the regional myocardial function in the patients with heart failure by tissue Doppler imaging. Methods The apical 4 chamber, 2 chamber and long axis view of two-dimensional tissue Doppler imaging were acquired in 30 healthy individuals and 18 patients with heart failure by GE Vivid 7 commercially machine.The basal and middle segments in left and right ventricle were analyzed in tissue velocity imaging model. The following cardiac intervals and velocities were measured in each segment, including the isovolumetric contraction time(IVCT), the ejection time, the isovolumetric relaxation time(IVRT); the rapid filling time, the artrial systolic time, the peak velocity and acceleration of Sm, the peak velocity and acceleration of Em, and the peak velocity and acceleration of Am. Results Compared with control group, IVCT, IVRT and atrial contraction time were prolonged, the ejection time and rapid filling time were shorterned, peak velocity and acceleration of Sm, Em, and Am were reduced in heart failure group. Conclusions There were characteristic changes on tissue velocity imaging in the patients with heart failure which include the delay of IVCT and IVRT and reduction of velocity in Sm, Em, and Am.

Objective To quantitatively assess cardiac intervals with tissue Doppler imaging(TDI) and normal reference values. Methods Apical 4 chamber, 2 chamber and long axis views of two-dimensional TDI were acquired in 29 healthy individuals(using GE Vivid 7 commercially ultrasound machine). The basal and middle segments in left ventricle(anterior septal, anterior, lateral, posterior, inferior and septal wall) and in the free wall of right ventricle were analyzed with tissue velocity imaging(TVI) model.Cardiac intervals of each segment, which included the isovolumic contraction time, contraction to peak time, insovolumetric relaxation time, rapid filling time and artrial contraction time were measured using TVI in the left ventricle and free wall of the right ventricle. Results The successful rate of sample was 100% in basal segment of each wall. There were significant differences between the left and right ventricle in the isovolumetric contraction time, the systolic accelaration time, contraction to peak time, isovolumetric relaxation time, early diastolic time, diastasis and artrial contraction( P