Objective　To detect the genotypes and sequences of the exon 1 of human mannose-binding protein (MBP) allele in 5 Chinese nationalities. Methods　 The genotypes of MBP gene of 5 Chinese nationalities were detected by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism(PCR-RFLP). The exon 1 of the MBP gene of 22 Chinese Hans was analyzed by using ABI 310 genetic analyzer. Results　 The DNA sequences of exon 1 of Chinese MBP gene were acquired. The allele frequencies of the codon 54 of the MBP gene (MBP-54) of 5 Chinese nationalities were 0.181(Hans), 0.128(Uygurs), 0.181(Mongols), 0.179(Tibetans) and 0.181(Yis). The allele distribution for MBP-54 mutation of 5 Chinese nationalities was in good agreement with Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. Compared with the Hans, Uygurs had a lower MBP-54 mutation rate. There were no differences in the allele frequencies between the chronic hepatitis B patients and health controls in Chinese Hans. The mutations of the codons 52 and 57 were not detected in this study. Conclusion　 A higher prevalence of MBP-54 mutation was found in 5 Chinese nationalities, MBP-54 mutation was not associated with the persistence of hepatitis B.

ObjectiveTo analyze the varicella cases from the illness-induced absenteeism system and the National Notifiable Disease and Reporting System （NNDRS） in primary and secondary school students in Minhang District， determine the characteristics of varicella-induced absenteeism in schools， and provide scientific evidence for the prevention and control of varicella in schools. MethodsSurveillance data of varicella-induced absenteeism and varicella cases in the NNDRS in 2021 were collected. Characteristics of varicella-induced absenteeism and consistency of data between the illness-induced absenteeism system and the NNDRS were determined， using descriptive analysis and matching varicella cases in the two systems. ResultsThe incidence of varicella in Minhang District was 48.28/10⁵ in 2021. The overall rate of illness-induced absenteeism was 612.08/10⁵ in primary and secondary schools， and the rate of varicella-induced absenteeism was 6.03/10⁵. The distribution of varicella-induced absenteeism was consistent with the incidence of varicella cases. Furthermore， the rate of varicella-induced absenteeism was significantly higher in boys than in girls. The rate increased synchronously during the peak of varicella incidence. The rate differed significantly across the students in diverse schools （χ²=135.217，P<0.001）， which was the highest in middle school students. However， there was no significant difference in the number of absent days between peak incidence and non-peak incidence periods of varicella （t=0.173， P=0.863）. Moreover， actual matching proportion of varicella cases between illness-induced absenteeism system and the NNDRS was 88.90%. The varicella cases that had been notified and those had not been notified in the NNDRS did not differ significantly in the number of absent days （t=0.346， P=0.730）. ConclusionThe incidence of varicella and varicella-induced absenteeism in schools is relatively low in Minhang District. Data between the illness-induced absenteeism system and the NNDRS is consistent. Routine prevention and control of varicella in schools is maintained a good level throughout the year.

Objective To evaluate the frequencies and polymorphisms of CCR5-△32,CCR2-641 and SDF1-3'A alleles conferring resistance to HIV-1 infection in Chinese population from Han ethnic origin.Methods This cohort was comprised of 1251 subjects(915 men and 336 women)aged 15 -80 years and none was HIV-1 positive.Genotyping of allelic CCR5-△32,CCR2-641 and SDF1-3' A variants was performed using PCR or PCR/RFLP assay,and further confirmed by direct DNA sequencing.Results Our finding shows that the△32 deletion mutation in the CCR5 gene does occur in this population and can be inherited in a Mendelian fashion in indigenous Han Chinese at a very low frequency of 0.00119(n= 1254).The frequencies of mutant CCR2-641 and SDF1-3'A alleles were 0.20023(n = 1251)and 0.2873(n = 893),in this population,which are higher than those found in American Caucasians.Furthermore the polymorphisms of CCR2-641 and SDF1-3' A alleles in the Han Chinese population were different from those in American Caucasians.Statistical analysis showed that the genotype distribution of CCR5-△32,CCR2-641 and SDF1-3' A alleles was in equilibrium according to the Hardy-Weinberg equation.Conclusion The CCR5-△32 mutation may not be a major resistant factor against HIV-1 infection in indigenous Han Chinese.The significance of higher frequencies of CCR2-641 and SDF1-3' A alleles (0.20023 and 0.2791)in the Han population remains to be clarified in HIV-1-positive carriers and AIDS patients.

ObjectiveThis study aimed to understand the epidemiological characteristics of hand-foot-mouth disease （HFMD） in Minhang District， Shanghai from 2009 to 2020， and provide a scientific basis for the prevention and control of HFMD. MethodsThe case information of HFMD was collected from the National Notifiable Infectious Diseases Reporting System of Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention. We used descriptive epidemiological methods to analyze the population characteristics， temporal and spatial distribution of HFMD， the pathogen composition of the case and its changing trend. ResultsFrom 2009 to 2020， a total of 66，198 cases of HFMD were reported in Minhang District， Shanghai， including 377 severe cases （severe case rate 0.57%） and 3 deaths （severs case fatality rate 0.80%）. There were more cases of HFMD in boys than in girls （1.5∶1）. HFMD patients aged under 5 years predominated， accounting for 88.91% of all cases. Majority of the cases （91.42%） were in scattered children （55.80%） and children in kindergartens （35.62%）. The incidence showed a cyclical trend， with low incidence years and high incidence years appearing alternately. The peak period was from April to July， and sometimes there were small peaks during October to December. A total of 12 years time-space scanning analysis revealed 3 clusters. The cluster centers were located in Wujing Town， Huacao Town and Xinzhuang Town， respectively. The proportion of EV71 in common cases was generally decreasing， and reduced to zero in 2019. The proportion of CoxA6 had increased year by year， and reached 75.00% in 2020. CoxA6 became the dominant pathogen in recent years. The number of severe cases had decreased year by year since 2010， and the dominant pathogen was EV71 （90.03% on average） in severe cases. ConclusionThe incidence of HFMD in Minhang District of Shanghai has a downward trend from 2014. The dominant pathogen changes from EV71 to CoxA6， and the dominant pathogen in severe cases is EV71. The discovered temporal and spatial clustering pattern is helpful for in-depth understanding of the distribution and epidemic trend of HFMD in Minhang District， and provides a scientific basis for epidemic prevention and control.