Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is more susceptible to oxidative damage and has a higher mutation rate compared with nuclear DNA due to the absence of protective histone proteins and imperfect repair system.Somatic alterations in mtDNA have been proposed to contribute to initiation and progression of human cancer in previous researches.However,the role of these mtDNA alterations in gastric cancer progression remains unclear.Point mutations and mtDNA content alterations are the two most common mtDNA alterations that result in mitochondrial dysfunction in gastric cancers.Identifing somatic mtDNA alterations in gastric cancers as well as their association with the clinicopathological parameters of gastric cancer,and exploring the causative factors of the somatic mtDNA alterations in cancer progression have been a new direction of gastric cancer research in recent years.

OBJECTIVE:To study the restraining factors in the intravenous immune globulin(IVIG.)bacterial endotoxin test.METHODS:A series tests were designed;the sensitivity of limulus was checked and the limit of endotoxin was validated;the effects of vehicle and pH value on the IVIG endotoxin test results were observed so as to find out the chief restraining factors of this test method.RESULTS:Lower pH value has an inhibition effect on the in IVIG bacterial endotoxin test.CONCLUSION:Bacterial endotoxin test can replace the rabbit testing method in the pyrogen test of IVIG.When the condition of lower pH is changed.

As one of the treatment options for early stage NSCLC,stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT)is mainly applied to the inoperable patients.Compared with small doses of traditional fractionated radi-ation treatment,SBRT are taken a single high dose of radiation.A large body of experience has been accumula-ted over the years and the mathematical model to describe survival in high dose range typically used in SBRT and the best dose of segmentation model were focused on,but there has not yet reached a consensus.Studies show that SBRT has certain advantages in local control ratio and adverse reaction compared with traditional radiotherapy,which can be used in operable patients in the future.

Objective:To investigate the alveolar bone defects of anterior alveolar bone in patients with bimaxillary protrusion by using cone-beam computed tomography ( CBCT ) . Methods: The samples consisted of 50 patients with bimaxillary protrusion, who were assigned to the teenage group[20 cases, (13. 1 ± 1. 0) years] and adult group[30 cases, (22. 9 ± 4. 2) years] . The adult group included 9 hy-po-divergent, 11 normo-divergent and 10 hyper-divergent patients. The images were obtained by using NewTom VG CBCT and the alveolar defects were evaluated. Results:The ratio of the patients had alveo-lar bone defects was 94. 00%. Meanwhile, the defects were associated with 38. 60% of all the teeth. Most defects occurred on labial alveolar bone ( 98 . 66%); fenestration was found more in the maxillary alveolar region and dehiscence occurred more in the mandible. The dehiscences (3. 06%) and defects prevalence (30. 13%) of the teenage group were significant lower than those of the adult group (11. 73% vs. 42. 46%), P<0. 05; while there was no significance of the fenestrations prevalence between the two group (P>0. 05). The hypo-divergent group had lower fenestrations prevalence (22. 22%) than the normo-divergent (33. 84%) and hyper-divergent groups (37. 50%), P<0. 05. The upper central incisor had the lowest alveolar bone defect prevalence. Conclusion: Alveolar bone defects are common findings in patients with bimaxillary protrusion before orthodontic treatment. The prevalence of defects is affected by age and vertical-growth type.

Pem gene is one of the homeobox gene. Unlike members of Hox gene family, Pem gene is unique located at the proximal end of the X chromosome and its expression has been detected in several immortalized and transformed cells, placenta, embryos and reproductive tissues. Numeral studies showed that its expression is controlled by hormone such as androgen. This review discussed the possible role of Pem in regulating genes involved in the differentiation and development of extraembryonic tissue, spermatogenesis and sperm maturation.

Objective:To investigate the effect of ulinastatin on liver and kidney function in the patients with traumatic hemorrhag-ic shock. Methods:Totally 110 patients with traumatic hemorrhagic shock were divided into the control group (n=55) and the obser-vation group (n=55) according to the random number table. The control group received the conventional anti-shock treatment, and the observation group received ulinastatin with intravenous injection by syringe pump additonally. The changes of heart rate, urine vol-ume, liver function, renal function and inflammatory cytokine levels in the two groups were observed before and after the operation. Results:The heart rate at the 3rd h and 6th h after the operation in the observation group was significantly lower than that before the treatment , and urine volume was aslo significantly more than that before the treatment. The postoperative AST, ALT and LDH at the 3rd h and 6th h in the observation group were significantly lower than those in the control group at the same period, and the difference was significant (P<0. 05). The postoperative BUN, SCr andβ2-MG on the 1st day in the observation group were significantly higher than those before the surgery, and the difference was significant (P<0. 05);the postoperative BUN, SCr andβ2-MG on the 3rd day in the observation group were significantly different from those in the control group (P<0. 05). The postoperative IL-1β level on the 1st day in the observation group was significantly higher than that before the surgery (P<0. 05);the serum IL-1βlevel on the 3rd day in the observation group showed no statistically significant difference from that before the surgery (P>0. 05);the IL-6 levels on the 1st and 3rd day in the observation group were significantly higher than those before the surgery, however, lower than those in the control group with significant differences (P<0. 05). Conclusion: Ulinastatin has protective effect on liver and kidney function in the pa-tients with traumatic hemorrhagic shock, and can improve heart rate and urine output of the patients.

Objective To determine the median effective dosage of 0.5% ropivacaine for ultrasoundguided lateral popliteal sciatic nerve block. Methods Twenty-three ASA Ⅰ or Ⅱ patients of both sexes, aged 19-20 yr weighing 52-90 kg received lateral popliteal nerve block guided with ultrasound for foot and ankle surgery.The volume of 0.5% ropivacaine injected was determined by the response of the previous patient using an up-anddown technique. The initial volume was 18 ml. Each time the volume increased/decreased by 2 ml.Successful nerve block was defined as complete loss of pinprick sensation in both tibial and common peroneal nerve distribution with concomitant inability to perform plantar or dorsal flexion of the foot 30 min after injection. Results The median effective dosage of 0.5% ropivacaine resulting in complete block of the sciatic nerve in 50% patients was 13 ml (95% confidence interval 11.3-14.9 ml).Conclusion The median effective dosage of 0.5% ropivacaine for ultrasound-guided lateral popliteal sciatic nerve is 13.0 ml.

Objective To establish a suitable animal model of experimental periodontitis and study the relationship between stress and inflammatory periodontal diseases.Methods Forty Wistar rats with nylon thread placed around the neck of maxillary left second molar tooth were divided randomly into two groups:stress group(the rats were treated with restraint strees for 12 h every day for 10 d)and control group.Four rats of either group were sacrificed at the day of 2,4,6,8,10,separately;the level of blood glucose and the contents of adrenocorticotropic hormone(ACTH),orticosterone and adrenaline were measured as the stress markers,as well as the relative weight of the thymus and spleen.The furcation area of the second maxillary molar was examined histologically and histometrically.Results In stress group,all the markers for stress were significant higher than those in control group,and the thymus and spleen were atrophied(P

Objective To investigate the clinical effect of caffeine citrate combined with continuous positive airway pressure( CPAP) in the treatment of primary apnea of prematurity.Methods 80 premature infants with primary apnea who received therapy from January 2014 to August 2015 were selected as research subjects.According to ran-dom number table,the infants were divided into two groups equally.Besides conventional treatments,the control group received treatment of caffeine citrate,while the observation group received CPAP and caffeine citrate.Then,the cura-tive efficacy,situation of apnea and adverse reactions were compared.Results The total effective rate between the observation group and the control group had statically significant difference(95.0%vs.77.5%,P<0.05) .Compared with the control group,the observation group had statistically less seizure frequency,shorter duration of seizure and disappearance time of symptoms(all P<0.05).During the treatment,incidence rates of tachycardia,dysphoria and electrolyte disturbance in the observation group were statistically lower than those in the control group (all P<0.05), while the incidence of feeding intolerance in the two groups had no statistically significant difference ( P >0 .0 5 ) . Conclusion Caffeine citrate in combination with CPAP is effective for primary apnea of prematurity,which can sig-nificantly increase curative efficacy,lessen seizure frequency of apnea,shorten duration of seizure and disappearance time of symptoms with less adverse reactions.

Objective To observe the effectiveness of electrolyzed oxidizing water(EOW) in disinfections of endoscopes and compared with that of 2% glutaraldehyde. Methods (1) Disinfections of bacteri-a:Specimens were obtained immediately from endoscopes after being used, disinfected and washed out for bacterial culture. Endoscopes were immersed in either EOW or 2% glutaraldehyde for 1 , 3 and 5 minutes. Each time group consisted of 30 cases. (2 ) Effectiveness on disinfections of H. Pylori: endoscopes either from patients with H. Pylori infection or artificially contaminated with H. Pylori were washed out and exposed for 1 ,3 and 5 minutes in each of the disinfectants. PCR was used to detect DNA of H. Pylor. (3) Effectiveness of disinfections of HBV : Endoscopes were contaminated with HBV-positive serum, and the exposure time to both disinfectants were 1,3,5 and 10 minutes respectively. Thirty samples were studied in each time groups. Results ( 1 ) After manual cleaning and disinfections for 1, 3 and 5min in EOW, no vegetative bacteria were found. In 2% glutaraldehyde processing group, 5/30, 4/30 and 1/30 specimens remained bacteria positive, respectively. (2)There was no positive specimens found after 3 and 5 minutes' exposure in EOW in the group of H. Pylori, but 2/30 positive specimens were found in the 1 minute group. While 3/30, 4/30 and 4/30 positive specimens were found after exposure in 2% glutaraldehyde. (3) In the group of HBV, there is no positive case found after exposure in EOW, while in 2% glutaraldehyde groups, there were 2,5 ,4 and 5 cases remained positive in 1 ,3,5 and 10 minutes group respectively. Conclusion EOW is superior to 2% glutaraldehyde in disinfections of Hp or HVB with high-speed and thoroughness, and worthy to be recommended in disinfections of endoscopes.