Glutamate is an essential excitatory neurotransmitter which regulates brain functions.An increase in extracellular glutamate could excessively activate ionotropic glutamate receptors,initiate calcium overload,and lead to cell death after cerebral ischemia.Glutamate transporter-1 (GLT-1) is one of the major glutamate transporters expressed predominantly in astrocytes.Astrocytes also express the enzyme glutamine synthetase (GS) which converts the glutamate to glutamine; the latter is then 'recycled' into neurons.Pretreatment with ceftriaxone (CEF),ischemia and intermittent hypobaric hypoxia could lead to neuroprotection by increasing the expression of GLT-1 and regulating the activity of glutamate transporter in brain.

ObjectiveTo analyze the results of implementing the tutorial system for medical interns, and to put forward some suggestions. MethodsThe medical interns and the doetors selected as tutors were asked to do questionnaires to study the tutorial system's feasibility and effectiveness. Simultaneously, we adopted the Objective Structured Clinical Examination ( OSCE ) to assess its process and resuits. Results74.3％ of the students and 75.5％ of the doctors think that they need the tutorial system,73.2％of the students think that this system can train better clinical skills,67.9％ of the doetors think that they can review the knowledge learned through teaching. Implemented after one year, students' OSCE scores are improved. ConclusionTutorial system for medical interns has achieved preliminary success, and the preparatory work and related-system building need to be further improved.

Objective To explore the relationship among personality,job burnout and knowledge sharing behavior of the enterprise employees.Methods The 44 items big five inventory(BFI) ,knowledge sharing inventory and job burnout inventory were administrated to 635 employees online.Results ( 1 ) Agreeableness had a significant main effect on knowledge sharing ( β =0.135, P＜0.01); (2)Cynicism( β = -0.140, P＜0.01) and reduced personal accomplishment( β = -0.125, P＜0.01 ) had a significant effect on knowledge sharing behavior and its two dimensions; (3) Job burnout partially mediated the relationship between agreeableness and knowledge sharing behavior(P＜0.01).Conclusion Enterprise employees' personality had different effects on knowledge sharing behavior,and job burnout was an important mediating role in the relationship above.

Tumor cell invasion and metastasis are associated with the proteolytic activity of various types of proteinases.Among them,cathepsin D,which is a lysosomal proteinase,has received more attention recently.Various studies have shown that the lysosomal aspartic protease cathepsin D is over-expressed and hyper-secreted by numerous cancer cell lines.Indeed it plays an essential role in the multiple steps of tumor progression,in stimulating cancer cell proliferation,tumor invasion and metastasis,fibroblast outgrowth and angiogenesis,as well as in inhibiting tumor apoptosis.In addition,CD is also a key mediator of induced- apoptosis.The aim of this article is to review the current knowledge on Cathepsin D action in cancer progression and metastasis,as well as its dual function in apoptosis.

BACKGROUND: Sinomenine, an alkaloid monomer extracted from Chinese medicinal herb sinomenium acutum,possesses potent anti-inflammatory, analgesic and immunoinhibitory pharmacological activities. Sinomenine has certain therapeutic effect on rheumatoid arthritis and has been widely applied in the clinic. Dendritic cell (DC) is the known antigen presenting cell with the strongest functions in the body.OBJECTIVE: To observe the effect of different doses of sinomenine on CD80 and CD 86 expression and extracellular interleukin-12 secretion in DCs.DESIGN: A controlled repeated measuring study based on the cells.SETTTNG: Department of Pharmacology, Guangdong Medical College.MATERIALS: The experiment was carried out in the Institute of Immunology, Third Military Medical University of Chinese PLA between September 2004 and May 2005. The peripheral blood of healthy donors was supplied by the blood bank of the Southwest Hospital. RPMI1640 medium was purchased from Hyclone Company. Fluorescein isothiocyanate(FITC)-conjugated mouse monoclonal antibodies against CD80 and CD86 and FITC-conjugated mouse IgG1 were purchased from Bioscience Company. Recombinant human interleukin-4 (rhlL-4), recombinant human granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (rhGM-CSF) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) were purchased from PharMingen Company. Sinomenine was supplied by Zhengqing Pharmacy Company in Hunan. ELISA kit specific for IL-12 was purchased from Diaclone Company.METHODS: Peripheral blood was collected from healthy volunteers. 1 ×106 U/L recombinant human granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (rhGM-CSF) and 5×105 U/Lrecombinant human interleukin-4 (rhlL-4)were added to the peripheral blood. After 7 days, DCs were harvested. ①The DCs were counted and cultured at 2×108 L 1 in fresh medium supplemented with TNF-α and different doses of sinomenine(3, 10, 30 mg/L). After 48 hours, 2×105 cells were collected and washed twice with phosphate buffer solution (PBS). Then the expressions of CD80 and CD86 were analyzed using 20 μL FITC-conjugated mouse monoclone antibodies against CD80 or CD86.FITC-conjugated mouse IgG1 was used as control at 4 ℃ away from light for 30 minutes. After staining, cells were washed twice with PBS and fixed in 10 g/L paraformaldehyde. The samples were analyzed on a flow cytometry. ②The DCs were counted and cultured at 2 ×108 L-1 in fresh medium supplemented with TNF-α and different doses of sinomenine (3, 10, 30 mg/L). After 48 hours, the supernatants were collected and the concentration of interleukin-12 (IL-12) was determined in a sandwich ELISA using kit specific for IL-12 according to the manufacture's instruction.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: ①Effect of different doses of sinomenine on the expressions of CD80 and CD86 on DCs. ②Effect of different doses of sinomenine on the level of IL-12 secreted by DCs.RESULTS : ① Expressions of CD80 and CD86 on DCs: There were no significant differences in the percentage of cells positive and fluorescence intensity for CD80 and CD86 on DC between different doses of sinomenine groups and control groups (P ＞ 0.05). ② IL-12 level secreted by DCs: From ELISA measurement, we found that IL-12 level of the sinomenine 3 mg/L, 10 mg/L and 30 mg/L groups was (863.1±33.7), (668.8±31.9), (512.6±29.6) ng/L, respectively,which was higher than that of control group [ (922.2±36.6),P ＜ 0.05-0.01]. The level of IL-12 in the supernatants of DCs co-cultured with sinomenine was significantly lower compared with control, which was dose-dependent.CONCLUSTON: Sinomenine can inhibit the level of IL-12 secreted by DCs in dose-dependent manner, but do not influence the expressions of CD80 and CD86 in DCs; The therapeutic effect of sinomenine on rheumatoid arthritis may be related to its inhibition to secretion of IL-12 in DCs.

Objective To compare the results of emergency clinical training for medical students and to put forward some suggestions.Methods Toatlly 207 medical students of Grade 4 studied in the first people' s hospital of Shanghai Jiaotong university from 2009 to 2011 were divided into the traditional group (n =90 ) and the experimental group (n =117 ).The students in the experimental group participated in emergency clinical training in summer vacation while those in the traditional group did not.Questionnaires about their self-learning ability,clinical communicating ability and critical thinking ability after training the were conducted and the data were analyzed by descriptive statistical analysis.Results One hundred and five effective questionnaires were recovered from the experimental group,with the recovery rate 89.7％ and 62 effective questionnaires were recovered from the traditional group,with the recovery rate 68.9％.The scores about clinical communicating ability and critical thinking ability of the experimental group were significantly highcr than those of the traditional group [ (79.45 ± 9.354)vs.(75.87 ± 9.926),(263.38 ± 30.925 ) vs.(251.36 ± 23.679),P ＜ 0.05 ].However,there was no significant difference in scores about self-learning ability between the two groups [ ( 153.97 ± 23.725 ) vs.( 149.83 ± 13.891 ),P ＞ 0.05].Conclusion Emergency clinical training is helpful to improve medical students' clinical communicating ability and critical thinking ability.It is worth popularizing.

Ten autopsy cases of bronchiole-alveolar carcinoma (BAC) were reported. Grossly, BAC may be divided into 3 types, i. e. finely nodular, coarsely nodular and diffuse type. Histologic pattern falls into 2 categories: ' (1) alveolar type, (2) papillary type. Metastasis is most frequently mediated through lymphatics, spreading to the regional lymph nodes. Next, they are spread by blood stream. Brain (meningeal carcinomatosis),bone and adrenal glands are the frequent metastasized sites. Pulmonary fibrosis and scar formation seem to be the predisposing factors to BAC.

Objective To investigate edaravane in prevention of restenosis in rat common catery arteries balloon angioplasty and the possible mechanism of this process. Methods Forty male SD rats were randomly divided into 2 groups: treatment group (whose intima was injured by balloon and was given edaravone 3 mg/kg by peritoneal injection, bid) and control group (whose intima was injured by ballon and was given the same volume NS as edaravone). 1, 3, 7, 14 and 28 days after angioplasty, rats were killed and the local arteries were sectioned for analysis of pathological morphology and the expression of matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) analyzed by immunohistochemistry. Results Small amounts of smooth muscle cell appeared at the intima of blood vessel 3 days after the artery injured by balloon. Consecutive intima was formed 7 days after artery injury. The intima was even or uneven thickened and the lumen of artery was significant stenosed 14 and 28 days afterwards. In the control group, the intimal area reached (0.240±0.043) mm2, the intima hyperplasy index were 0.52±0.06, stenosis ratio were 30%±9% 14 days afterwards. The intimal area were (0.420±0.063 )mm2, the intima hyperplasy index were 0.67± 0.07, stenosis ratio were 54%±9% on day 28. In the treatment group, the intimal area were (0.063± 0.025)mm2, the intima hyperplasy index were 0.24±0.07, stenosis ratio were 8%±3% after 14 days. The intimal area were (0.116±0.023) mm2, the intima hyperplasy index were 0.38±0.05, stenosis ratio were 16%±4% after 28 days. Compared with control group at the same time, the intimal area (F values were 50.488 and 81.119 respectively, P < 0.05 ), the intima hyperplasy index ( F values were 41.743 and 48.122 respectively, P<0.05) and stenosis ratio (F values were 24.221 and 81.119 respectively, P< 0.05) were decreased in treatment group. The expressions of MMP-2 raised after balloon injury. In control group, the expressions of MMP-2 were 27.16%±7.15% after 3 days, 22.59%±6.68% after 7 days, 18.85%±4.91% after 14 days. In the treatment group, it decreased to 15.57%±3.62% after 3 days, 12.91%±1.88% after 7 days. Compared with control group, the expressions of MMP-2 in treatment group were lower after 3 days and 7 days ( F = 8.359, P = 0.028 and F = 7.781, P = 0.032 ). Conclusions Edaravone can prevent restenosis in rat common catery after balloon angioplasty. The possible mechanism is that edaravone can inhibit the expressions of MMP-2 in this process.

Objective To explore the clinical and electroencephalographic characteristics of frontal lobe ep- ilepsy(FLE).Methods The clinical and electroencephalographic data of 80 patients with FLE were analyzed.Re- suits The seizure types of frontal lobe epilepsy were simple focal seizure-complex focal seizure and secondary gen- eral tonic.clonic seizure.Seizures were often exhibited in relatively short duration,hyper motor,tonic or postural.Fre- quent nocturnal attacks and slight postictal mental confusion was increased.Interictal EEG manifested sharps or spikes or slow wave in the frontal area.Ictal EEG showed paroxysm rhythms.Conclusion FLE is a distinct epilepsy syndrome.

Objective To study the safety and efficacy of intensive reduction of blood pressure for the treatment of acute cerebral haemorrhage. Method A randomized control trial in 41 consecutive patients with intracerebral haemorrhage admitted from October 2006 to January 2007 were randomly assigned to intensive blood pressure reduction group ( n = 24) or guidelines blood pressure reduction group ( n = 17) (tho guidelines set by American Association of cardiologists). In the intensive reduction group, the systolic pressure was reduced immediately to lower than 140 mmHg, while the blood pressure was reduced to that just below 180 mmHg in guideline reduction group. The size of the haematoma was measured 24 h after treatment by CT scans and the patients were followed up for 90 days. Death and/or disability in 90 days, and the short-term and long-term neurological function and the size of haematoma in 24 hours of two groups were compared. The outcomes were statistically analyzed with SPSS version 10.0 software. Measurement data were analyzed with t -test while numeration data were analyzed with chisquare test. Results There were no significant differences either in death and/or disability or in short-term and long-term neurological function in 90 days after treatment ( P ＞ 0.05). The mean values of proportional enlargement of haematoma were 16.8% in the intensive group and 36. 1% in the guidelines group 24 hours after treatment ( P = 0.012). The mean values of absolute enlargement of haematoma of two groups were 2.7 mL and 5. 1 mL,respectively (P = 0.058). There was significant difference in rate of enlargement of haematoma in the early stage of acute cerebral haemorrhage (4.2% vs. 47. 1%, P = 0.012). Conclusions Although intensive reduction of blood pressure in patients with acute cerebral haemorrhage did not alter the clinical prognosis of patients, it could apparently attenuate the enlargement of haematoma in the early stage of acute cerebral haemorrhage.