Objective To clarify the genetic diversity of HIV-1 strains currently circulating in Shanghai and establish the molecular epidemiological database of HIV-1 infection.Methods The samples from 114 newly diagnosed HIV-l-infected individuals between June 2004 and June 2005 were investigated.HIV-1 pol gene(protease 1-99 aa and reverse transcriptase 1-252 aa) from plasma sam- ples were amplified by RT-PCR,sequenced and phylogenetieally analyzed.Protease inhibitors(PRIs) and reverse transcriptase inhibitors (RTIs) resistance-associated mutations in protease (PR) and re- verse transcriptase(RT) regions were analyzed.Results (1)Epidemiological survey showed the exist ence of different modes of transmission of HIV-1 including sexual contacts 51(44.74%),intravenous drug users 43 (37.72%),contaminated blood/blood products transfusion 3(2.63%) and unknown in- fection 17(14.91%);(2)Phylogenetic analysis revealed that 9 of the analyzed sequences were identi- fied as subtype B(7.89%),15 as subtype B'(13.16%),1 as subtype C(0.88%),1 as subtype G (0.88%),38 as CRF01 AE(33.33%),46 as CRF07 BC(40.35%) and4 asCRF08 BC(3.51%); (3)Analysis of drug-resistance associated mutation showed that 21 of 114 (18.42%) persons infected with drug-resistant HIV-1,among which major mutations in PR and RT regions accounted for 2.63 (3/114) and 17.54% (20/114),respectively.The frequencies of major mutation in PR region were M46I(66.67%),M46L(33.33%) and in RT region were M41L(7.69%),A62V (7.69%),T69S (7.69%),V75I/L(15.38%),K103R(25.00%),V118I(23.08%),V179D/E/T(33.33%),G190R (8.33%),L210K/M/X(38.46%),227L/I(16.67%),M230R(8.33%),P236R(8.33%).Conclusions The results revealed the current presence of multiple HIV-1 subtypes and recombinants strains infec- ting residents and migrants living in Shanghai.The broad diversity of HIV-1 has been introduced into Shanghai mainly through drug injection and heterosexual contacts.This study also revealed that HIV-1 strains infecting these newly diagnosed treatment-naive persons have acquired major mutations in both PR gene and RT gene of HIV-1.

Objective To assess the different protein expressions of epithelial mesenchymal transition (EM T ) markers Vimentin and E‐cadherin in craniopharyngioma ,especially at the tumour invasive front ,and correlate the findings with clinicopathological fea‐tures and patient outcomes .Methods Forty‐two craniopharyngiomas were subjected to the detection of Vimentin and E‐cadherin by immunohistochemistry and double immunofluorescence staining .The relationships between expression of these markers and various clinico pathological indicators and clinical outcomes of these tumors were analyzed .Results There was statistically significant difference in the expression of Vimentin and E‐cadherin between adamantinomatous and papillary variants in whole tumor and at the tumor invasive front .The expression of Vimentin and E‐cadherin in whole tumor sections were associated with tumor recurrence , postoperative weight and hypothalamic disturbances ,and the expression of vimentin and E‐cadherin at the tumor invasive front were colligated with tumor recurrence ,postoperative weight and hypothalamic disturbances .Conclusion Our study exemplifies the po‐tential prognostic implications of Vimentin and E‐cadherin expression in craniopharyngioma .EM T may represent a crucial mecha‐nism in the progression of adamantinomatous craniopharyngioma .

Objective To discuss the value of the posterior long segments pedicle screws fixation in surgical treatment of thoracolumbar fracture-dislocation,and summarize the experience.Method s We reviewed the clinical information of 27 cases of thoracolumbar fracture-dislocation since July 2007 to March 2010; all the cases were treated with the posterior long segments pedicle screws fixation.In these cases,20were male,7 were female.And the age ranged from 18 to 58 years old (average age was 35 years).The posterior approach was used,and the pedicle screws were inserted into the 2 vertebrae above and below the fractured vertebrae.Posterior decompression and bone grafts for fusion were also accomplished during the operation.Results Follow-up ranged from 7 to 25 months,averaging 14 months.Completely restoration of the dislocation was got in 25 cases and the spine sequence resumed to nearly normal.One case with lateral dislocation failed to complete correction; another 1 case operated 20 days after surgery failed to complete correction of forward dislocation.At the last follow-up,the mean Cobb angle loss was 3 degrees,the height of the vertebral had obvious loss compared with that of post-operation.The loosen of screw nut was found during the follow-up,but no dislocation and secondary deformity were observed after fixation.There was no death,no infection.Conclusions The technique of posterior long segments pedicle screw fixation is of great value in the clinical applications,since it has the following advantages:the operation is simple,trauma is small,the fixation is firm,good restoration of fracture and dislocations can be easily got,and most importantly,it can effectively prevent long-term vertebral height loss and the backward protruding deformity.

Objective To investigate the clinical features of neonatal invasive fungal infection(IFI) so as to guide diagnosis,prevention and treatment of IFI.Methods Seventy-six neonates with IFI admitted to the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) at Children's Hospital of Fudan University from 2004 to 2014 were included in the study.Pathogens,clinical manifestation,risk factor exposure,laboratory findings,complications,and clinical outcome of neonatal IFI were analyzed.Results Seventy-six cases were diagnosed as IFI between 2004 and 2014,with an yearly increasing trend.Sixty-eight patients were premature infants (89.5％).Of the 76 cases,except one with unknown birth weight,11(14.7％),34(45.3％),20(26.7％)and 10 (13.3％) cases had birth weight ＜ 1 000 g,(≥ 1 000-＜1 500) g,(≥ 1 500-＜2 500) g and ≥ 2 500 g,respectively.The pathogens were mainly Candida (74/76,97.4％),including 26 cases of Candida albicans (34.2％).However,the incidence of non-Candida albicans infection was increasing.Candida guilliermondii was the most common in nonCandida albicans,accounting for 29.2％ (14/48).All Candida albicans were sensitive to fluconazole.One strain of Candida glabrata was resistant to fluconazole.The most common risk factors included use of broad-spectrum antibiotics(93.3％,56/60),parenteral nutrition(70.0％,42/60),central vein catheterization(53.3％,32/60),invasive ventilation(40.0％,24/60) and history of abdominal surgery(21.7％,13/60).Clinical manifestations of IFI included temperature instability,frequent apnea,increased requirement of respiratory support and feeding intolerance.Among all cases,six were diagnosed as central nervous system infection.Of the patients who received cranial MRI,46.8％(22/47) showed multiple abnormal signals in cerebral parenchyma.Fiftytwo patients were cured and seven patients died before discharge,including one death due to fungal infection.Conclusions There is an increasing trend of IFI cases in NICU,especially in premature infants.Non-Candida albicans has become the main pathogenic fungus.There are no specific clinical manifestations in neonatal IFI.Use of broad-spectrum antibiotics,parenteral nutrition and central venous catheterization are common risk factors,and preventive measures should be taken in high-risk infants.In addition,IFI in neonates may affect important organs such as central nervous system,thus early treatment is necessary in suspected patients.

Objective To investigate the effect of heat stress on organ indices, intestinal morphology, gastric mu-cosal HSP70 mRNA expression and glucose metabolic hormones in mice.Methods A single-factor experiment was de-signed for the present research.Eighteen KM mice of the similar age and weight were randomly divided into control group and heat stress group.The weight of the heart, liver, spleen, lung and kidney, as well as the expression of HSP70 mRNA in the mouse gastric mucosa were measured.The plasma concentration of insulin and glucagon, the villus height and crypt depth of the duodenum and jejunum were detected.The histological changes of the liver, duodenum and jejunum were also examined.Results There was no effect of heat stress on the organ indices.It significantly increased the expression of HSP70 mRNA in the gastric mucosa, reduced the plasma insulin level and caused serious injury to the liver, duodenum and jejunum in the mice.Conclusions Heat stress does not significantly affect the organ indices in mice, but can significantly increase the expression of HSP70 mRNA in the gastric mucosa, cause apparent damages in the liver, duodenum and jeju-num, reduce the villus height, crypt depth and villus height/crypt depth ratio of the duodenum and jejunum, and also de-crease the blood insulin concentration in the mice.

In this paper, Liuwei Dihuang pill was used to study the identification of Chinese patent medicine by fluorescence sequencing typing technology. The DNA of Paeonia suffruticosa was used as template to amplify by five pair of FAM fluorescence labeling primers. Then, the amplified products were sequenced. The sequencing results were analyzed by GeneMarker V1.80 to screen the best fluorescence labeling primers. As a result, psbA-trnH fluorescence labeling primer was used to identify the raw materials of Liuwei Dihuang pill. The results showed that three kinds of raw plant medicinal materials in Liuwei Dihuang pill were able to be correctly identified by psbA-trnH fluorescence labeling primer. The fluorescence sequencing typing technology can stably and accurately distinguish raw medicinal materials in Chinese patent medicine.
DNA Primers ; chemistry ; genetics ; DNA, Plant ; chemistry ; genetics ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; chemistry ; standards ; Fluorescent Dyes ; chemistry ; Plants, Medicinal ; chemistry ; genetics ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; instrumentation ; methods ; Quality Control ; Staining and Labeling

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the expression of hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated cation channel 4 (HCN4) and connexin43 (Cx43) in the sinoatrial node of electric shock death. METHODS: As experimental group, 34 cases of electric shock death who had definite current mark evidence were selected from pathology department of Xuzhou Medical College from 2010 to 2013. As the control group, 20 cases of fatal severe craniocerebral injury in traffic accidents were chosen. The expressions of HCN4 and Cx43 in the sinoatrial node were observed by immunohistochemical technology. RESULTS: HCN4 positive cells expressed in the cell membrane and cytoplasm of the sinoatrial node. Cx43 positive cells expressed in the cell membrane and cytoplasm of T cells and myocardial cells. The expression of HCN4 was significantly higher than that of the control group (P < 0.05) and the expression of Cx43 was significantly lower than that of the control group (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION The changes of HCN4 and Cx43 expressions in the sinoatrial node illustrate electric shock death might be related to the abnormalities of cardiac electrophysiology and conduction.
Connexin 43/metabolism* ; Cyclic Nucleotide-Gated Cation Channels ; Heart Rate ; Hyperpolarization-Activated Cyclic Nucleotide-Gated Channels/metabolism* ; Immunohistochemistry/methods* ; Myocardium/metabolism* ; Myocytes, Cardiac ; Sinoatrial Node/physiopathology*

Aortic Valve ; surgery ; Endocarditis ; surgery ; Humans

OBJECTIVETo survey and compare the thickness-change of different thickness thermoplastic materials under different test condition and make sure the relationship between the thickness-change and the material initial thickness in order to provide a guide in selecting the suitable thickness thermoplastic in practice.

METHODSTo choose Biolon, the thickness include 1.0 mm, 0.75 mm, 0.5 mm. Used Electron Vernier caliper to measure the thickness-change of different thickness thermoplastic materials under different processing mode. The data was analyzed by SPSS 10.0.

RESULTSAfter thermoforming the thickness of thermoplastic became thinner, the thickness of Biolon 0.75 mm decreased by 0.14 mm, Biolon 1.0 mm decreased by 0.22 mm and Biolon 0.5 mm decreased by 0.14 mm. After saliva immersion the thickness became thicker. The thickness of Biolon 0.75 mm increased by 0.02 mm, Biolon 1.0 mm increased by 0.03 mm and Biolon 0.5 mm increased by 0.02 mm.

CONCLUSION1)The influence of different processing mode to the thickness-change had relation to the material initial thickness. 2)The Biolon 0.75 mm had certain superiority in thickness stability compared to the homogeneous brand through the above research.

Objective To study the effects of cooking practice education on their status of nutrient intake and blood glucose control in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) over 60 years old.Methods Four-hour cooking practice education lecture was offered per month for 57 patients with T2DM over 60-year old based on balance diet and food exchange list,with features including requiring patients joining the lecture with their family members together,demonstration of raw and fresh dietary materials and cooked food,choice of food to eat by the patients themselves according to their own dietary regimen.Sixty patients with T2DM who were only educated by outpatient department of nutrition for 35 minutes were selected as control.After twelve months of education,indices such as scores of awareness of knowledge of food exchange list,status of nutrient intake and blood glucose control,and so on,were compared between the two groups to evaluate the effects of cooking practice education.Results After 12- month education,score of knowledge of food exchange list in the experiment group increased significantly,as compared to that in the control group.Intake of energy [(6304?826) kJ] and fat [(46?6) g] decreased significantly in the experimental group [(6921?860) kJ and (63?9) g,respectively],and fasting blood glucose [(7.1?0.8) mmol/L],postprandial blood glucose [(11.2?1.1) mmol/L] and glycosylated hemoglobin A1c [(6.2?0.5)%] were decreased significantly,as compared to those in the control group [(7.8?0.9) mmol/L,(12.4?1.2) mmol/L,and (6.5?0.7)%)],respectively.Conclusions Cooking practice education is effective to correctly use diet regimen and improve status of nutrient intake and control of blood glucoses for over-60-year patients with T2DM.