Discussions were made regarding the burden of persuasion and that of proof in tort lawsuits,distribution of the burden of persuasion in both medical tort cases and those in non-medical malpractice tort lawsuits.It is found that in cases involving tort of medical institutions,medical behavior tort and non-medical tort cases should be set apart depending on the nature of the lawsuit.Under the existing legal system,it is also necessary to distinguish the medical behavior tort incurred by medical malpractice from that irrelevant to malpractice.which will be critical for distribution of the burden proof and calculation of the compensation.

China ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; standards ; Ethics, Medical ; Humans ; Medicine, Chinese Traditional

From the three aspects of university,family and the students themselves,the article points out that universities should transform the teaching thought and approaches and give the students poor in study the teaching guidance and humane care,parents should grasp the laxation of educating their children and students should pay attention to regulation and self-regulation.Only through the joint efforts,can the students walk out of study confusion to realize the healthy development

The current graduate student curriculum of medical colleges and universities has not been able to satisfy the actual need of cultivating the medical graduate students. In certain extent it stresses the natural sciences, theory curriculum and knowledge instruction more than humanities social sciences,technical curriculum, and cultivation of students' ability. Based on the reform of our curriculum setup, the author put forward some suggestions such as expanding the course resources, enriching the content,implementing the second-level management system, being clear about the different cultivation flow and the curriculum name; paying attention to staff construction and perfecting graduate student curriculum assessment and so on.

BACKGROUND:To delay the onset of Alzheimer’s disease, transplantation of viable and wel-differentiated stem cel s is expected to repair neural tissue, which has been an issue of concern. OBJECTIVE:To explore the effects of different doses of human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cel s (hUCMSCs) on learning and memory ability of Alzheimer’s disease rats. METHODS:Fifty Sprague-Dawley rats, 7 months of age, were randomized into normal, model, high-, middle-and low-dose hUCMSCs groups (n=10 per group). Rats in model and UCMSCs groups were used to make Alzheimer’s disease animals through intraperitoneal injection of 150 mg/kg D-galactose for 90 days, and rats in the normal group were given intraperitoneal injection of normal saline for 90 days. In the three hUCMSCs group, passage 3 hUCMSCs at doses of 1×105/0.2 mL/20 g, 5×105/0.2 mL/20 g, and 1×106/0.2 mL/20 g were injected via the tail vein, respectively. Forty-five days after cel transplantation, Morris water maze test was used to detect rat’s learning and memory abilities, and hematoxylin-eosin staining was used to observe pathological changes of the rat hippocampal CA1 region. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:Compared with the normal group, the rats in the model group showed significant reduction in the ability of learning and memory. Compared with the model group, the escape latency was significantly shortened in the middle-dose hUCMSCs group (P<0.05), while the number of passing times through the platform was increased significantly (P<0.05). In the model group, the cel s in the hippocampal CA1 region were arranged irregularly with unclear nucleoli and a part of cel s were concentrated and deeply stained. In the middle-dose hUCMSCs group, the cel s in the hippocampal CA1 region were arranged regularly with clear nucleoli, and only individual cel s were stained deeply. These findings indicate that middle-dose hUCMSCs transplantation can improve the learning and memory abilities of Alzheimer’s rats.

Child, Preschool ; Foreign Bodies ; surgery ; Humans ; Intestines ; Laparoscopy ; methods

Objective To investigate the changes of plasma insulin and C peptide level in women with gestational diabetes mellitus(GDM), gestational impaired glucose tolerance(GIGT) and normal pregnant and to find out the patterns of glucose metabolism in pregnancy and the function of islet ? cell in patients with gestational impaired glucose metabolism Methods Thrity one normal pregnant women (group Ⅰ), 36 GIGT (group Ⅱ)and 31 GDM (group Ⅲ) were selected. Insulin and C peptide levels were measured by radioimmunoassay. Results Insulin and C peptide levels of groups Ⅰand Ⅲ increased with the gestational age and decreased at postpartum. At 31 weeks of gestation, insulin and C peptide levels of group Ⅱ and group Ⅲ were significantly higher than that of group I [insulin: (13.95?3.15) mIU/L and (15.10?2.96)mIU/L vs (11.40?3.27) mIU/L; C peptide: (0.60 ?0.21) pmol/ml and (0.80?0.31) pmol/ml vs (0.44?0.26) pmol/ml, P 0.05). The peak value of insulin and C peptide was found at the first hour postprandially in group I, while at the second hour in group Ⅱ and Ⅲ. Conclusions Insulin resistance during pregnancy becomes stronger gradually with pregnant progress. Women with abnormal glucose metabolism during pregnancy would have more insulin resistance which leads to the damage of insulin secretion. These women should have long term followed up.

Neovascularization is the main cause of blindness, such as diabetic retinopathy, retinopathy of prematurity and age - related macular degeneration. Vascular endothelial growth factor( VEGF) plays an important role in the formation of angiogenesis, and is considered to be the most potent angiogenic growth factor. Placental Growth Factor(PlGF) is one of the VEGF family, which play a crucial role in endothelial cell proliferation and migration, angiogenesis, and immune - mediated inflammation. Meanwhile, PlGF is specifically expressed in pathological angiogenesis, but not in normal blood vessels. In recent years, there has been increasing attention to PlGF, therefore this article reviews the role of PlGF in neovascular ocular diseases.

Objective To investigate the expression of aquaporin-1 (AQP1) in human peritoneum and its effect on peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients with the different peritoneal transport characteristics.Methods Peritoneal biopsies were obtained from the PD patients (n =30) at catheter insertion.Western blot and immunohistochemical staining were used to investigate AQP1 expression in peritoneal tissues.After catheter insertion,4 week,peritoneal equilibrium test (PET) was used to decide peritoneal transport characteristics.Results Western blot revealed a major band at 28 kDa band.The expression of AQP1 index was 1.49 ±0.67 in the normal subjects,and 1.61 ±0.76 in the PD patients,and there was no significant difference.Positive deposition was distributed in mesothelial cells,endothelial cells of capillaries,and small veins.The index of AQP1 expression in endothelial cells of capillaries in normal subjects and PD patients were 2.12 ±0.18,and 2.50 ±0.81,respectively,and no significant difference was found.The index of AQP1 expression in mesothelial cells of capillaries in normal subjects and PD patients were 1.95 ± 0.67,and 2.23 ± 1.07,respectively,and no significant difference was found.Among PD patients,the level of AQP1 was significantly different.Conclusions The expression of AQP1 was different in the PD patients with different peritoneal transport characteristics.In the high and high average transport groups,the level of AQP1 was lower; the low transport group was higher.It reveals that AQP1 plays a role in the pathogenesis of transcellular water transport.

Objective: To analyze the Effect of isokinetic training on knee injury patients’ recovery function. Methods: Choose knee injury patients between October 2012 to October 2013 as research object, randomly divided into control group received conventional training, and observe group received isokinetic training, each with 49 cases, detecting knee function after training, stretching flexor muscle strength, range of motion. Results: 1) After training ,both groups of patients inflammation Lysholm knee function scores were higher than before,and observation group patients Lysholm knee function score were significantly higher; 2)After training, both groups extensor flexor muscle strength were higher than before,and the observation group patients’ stretched flexor PT, AP, MRTW level were higher; 3)After eight weeks of training and 16 weeks, observation group patients’ knee extension, knee flexion angles were significantly higher.Conclusion:Isokinetic exercise training can improve knee joint function in patients, improve muscle strength while expanding its range of motion, improve the quality of life of patients.