Targeted agents for advanced colorectal cancer mainly include inhibitors of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR).Studies show that bevacizumab and cetuximab can improve the prognosis of advanced colorectal cancer patients,but there is slight difference in the choice of chemotherapy regimens when combined with them.Bevacizumab and cetuximab can improve the overall survival of K-ras wild-type colorectal cancer patients similarly.The emergence of new targeted drugs such as aflibercept,regorafenib provides more choices for the targeted therapy of advanced colorectal cancer patients.

Objective To analyze the variations and influencing factors of hospitalization expenditure of cervical cancer patients among urban employees in Beijing from 2006 to 2010,and to provide evidences for developing reasonable measures of medical expenses control.Methods Based on the hospitalization expenditure data of 1146 cervical cancer cases,the paper probed into the changes of hospitalization age and hospitalization expenditure,and the influencing factors of hospitalization expenditure by means of descriptive analysis and multiple stepwise regression.Results The last 5 years witnessed no significant change in the first hospitalization age of cervical cancer patients,rise of hospitalization age,gradual rise of the hospitalization expenditure per time along with their age groups,as well as a rising trend of the average hospitalization expenses,average drug cost and proportion of average drug cost year by year.Results of the multiple stepwise linear regression showed that days of stay,proportion of drug cost and surgery or not as important influencing factors for hospitalization expenditure.Conclusion Hospitalization expenditure of cervical cancer keeps growing.Against this background,reasonable shortening of the days of stay,reasonable setup of an appropriate proportion of out-of-pocket payment,and reduction of the proportion of drug costs become effective means to reduce hospitalization expenditure.

In order to create a high-quality online course of Medical Ethics, this research group retrieved 16 domestic MOOC platforms in order to understand the current status of the online course construction of Medical Ethicsin Chinese universities before the outbreak of epidemic. The survey results showed that 12 teaching teams from 11 universities have built the Medical EthicsMOOC on 8 network platforms. These 12 online courses have not only played an important role in the teaching of this course during the epidemic, but also would provide valuable experience for leading Chinese universities in the online learning and teaching reform of Medical Ethics. Finally, there are three suggestions for the current problems about online teaching of medical education: firstly, increase network speed and reduce network traffic charges; secondly, utilize virtual space to make up for the lack of real space; thirdly, set up cross-professional, interdisciplinary and trans-school's compound golden courses teaching teams.

Objective:To observe the effect of Xingnaojing injection in the treatment of severe traumatic brain injury .Methods:From August 2013 to December 2014 , 110 patients with severe traumatic brain injury were randomly divided into the control group and the research group with 55 ones in each .The control group was treated with the conventional treatment , including removal of intracrani-al hematoma, bone disc decompression according to surgical indications , anti-infection, dehydration intracranial pressure reduction and nutritional support treatment .The research group was treated with Xingnaojing injection additionally .After the one-week, two-week and 4-week treatment , the GCS score of the two groups were compared .The rate of lung infection and stress ulcer in 4 weeks were com-pared.The clinical outcome of the two groups after the 4-week treatment was also evaluated .Results:The GCS score of the research group was higher than that of the control group after the 2-and 4-week treatment (P<0.05).There was no significant difference in the incidence of stress ulcer between the two groups , while the incidence of pulmonary infection in the research group was lower than that in the control group (P<0.05).The total effective rate of clinical prognosis in the research group (90.9%) was significantly higher than that in the control group (72.7%, P<0.05).Conclusion:Xingnaojing injection combined with the conventional treatment for the patients with severe traumatic brain injury can decrease the clinical complications and improve the clinical symptoms of patients , which is worthy of clinical promotion .

Background:Prostaglandin E2(PGE2 )could promote the proliferation of tumor cells,microRNA-21(miR-21)could inhibit the proliferation of tumor cells,but its signal pathway is still unclear. Aims:To investigate the mechanism of PGE2 on promoting proliferation of gastric cancer cells potentially mediated by miR-21. Methods:Gastric cancer AGS cells were cultured and divided into control group,PGE2 group,anti-miR-21 group and PGE2 + anti-miR-21 group. Cell proliferation was determined by WST-1 chromatometry. Cell apoptosis rate was detected by flow cytometry. The expression of miR-21 mRNA was detected by RT-PCR. After AGS cells were intervened by Akt specific inhibitor perifosine,cell proliferation was assessed,and expression of PTEN/ Akt protein was detected by Western blotting. Results:Compared with control group, survival rate of AGS cells was significantly increased(P < 0. 05),apoptosis rate was significantly decreased(P < 0. 05), and expression of miR-21 mRNA was significantly increased in PGE2 group(P <0. 05). Compared with PGE2 group, survival rate of AGS cells was significantly decreased(P < 0. 05),apoptosis rate was significantly increased(P < 0. 05), and expression of miR-21 mRNA was significantly decreased in anti-miR-21 group and PGE2 + anti-miR-21 group(P <0. 05). After intervention with perifosine,survival rate of AGS cells was significantly decreased(P < 0. 05),apoptosis rate was significantly increased(P < 0. 05),expression of PTEN protein was significantly increased,and expression of p-Akt protein was significantly decreased. Conclusions:MiR-21 mediates the promoting of proliferation of gastric cancer cells by PGE2 through PTEN/ Akt pathway,which might become a new target for the prevention and treatment of gastric cancer.

Objective To investigate the mechanisms of angiotensinⅡ receptor blockade in protection against kidney lesion in hypertensive rats.Methods The investigation was comprised with normotensive control (WKY) and hypertensive group (SHR) which included treated and untreated group. Relevant index such as blood pressure and ultrastructural changes in glomerulus with transmission electronic microscope were acquired in three-month old and eight-month old. Losartan was administrated with 20mg?Kg -1 ?d -1 in treated group.Results The volume density of vessel endothelium, mesangial cells and mesangial area of SHR was significantly larger than that of WKY(P

AIM: To investigate the relation between cytosolic calcium and glomerular injury in hypertension. METHODS: The normotensive control (WKY) and spontaneously hypertensive rat group(SHR) with or without treatment (losartan 20 mg?kg -1 ?d -1 ) were compared. Intralymphocytic free calcium level and ultrastructural changes in glomerulus were observed at three and eight months, respectively. RESULTS: The results demonstrated early impairment in glomerulus and elevation of cytosolic calcium at three months in SHR group, at eight months, aggravation of impairment in glomerulus correlating with calcium elevation was shown. Losartan significantly attenuated the above pathologic changes. CONCLUSION: Calcium-overload state was not only related to blood pressure and vessel impairment, but also associated with glomerular injury, which could be reversed by losartan.

AIM: To study the impact of hyperlipidemia on vasoactive substances and the mechanism of gemfibrozil in regulating the endothelial function. METHODS: The hyperlipidemic model was established with rats. The serum levels of lipid, NO, angiotensin Ⅱ (Ang Ⅱ), vascular endothelial growth factor(VEGF) and levels of NO, AngⅡ in myocardial tissues were measured. RESULTS: Hyperlipidemic rats had lower level of NO and higher level of VEGF than control subjects. Significant correlation had been shown between serum levels of lipid and NO. Administration of gemfibrozil significantly elevated serum VEGF, NO and myocardial tissue NO levels. CONCLUSIONS: Hyperlipidemia not only reduced serum NO level but also reduced myocardial NO content, which could cause endothelial dysfunction. Gemfibrozil reversed the above changes induced by hyperlipidemia, which might have relevance to VEGF.

ObjectiveTo investigate the expression of costimulatory molecules, Fas/FasL, and major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-class Ⅱ antigens in normal ocular tissues.MethodsTwelve eyes were obtained from the eye bank of Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center within 16 to 24 hours postmortem. Six eyes were used for making the retinal wholemounts, and the tissues (iris and ciliary body, choroid, and retina) of the others were used for making the frozen sections. Immunohistochemical staining was carried out on these retinal wholemounts as well as on tissue sections to investigate the exprenion of B7-1 and B7-2 (costimulatory molecules), HLA-DR(MHC class Ⅱ), CD68 (macrophages), Fas/FasL.ResultsThe results of immunohistochemical staining showed the presence of B7-2, FasL, CD68 and HLA-DR in the iris and ciliary body. Expression of B7-1, FasL, CD68, and HLA-DR was found in the choroid while HLA-DR, CD68 and FasL were detectable in the retina.ConclusionExpression of costimulatory molecules, MHC-class Ⅱ molecules and molecules related to apoptosis is different in the iris, ciliary body, choroid, and retina, which may play an important role in the stability of the immunological microenvironment of these tissues.

Objective To investigate the effects of Tongmai Tang on the production of nitric oxide(NO) and the balance of fibrinolysis system in human umbilical vein endothelial cells(HUVEC) injured by oxidized low density lipoprotein(oxLDL). Methods The herbage-contained serum of Tongmai Tang and oxLDL were prepared, then the human HUVEC-304 cells were divided into 4 groups: ⑴control group; ⑵bovine serum control group; ⑶oxLDL group: 100mg/L oxLDL, and ⑷Tongmai Tang group: 5% herbage-contained serum of Tongmai Tang and 100mg/L oxLDL. After 24h incubation, the morphology of the endothelial cells was observed under the inversion microscope, while the concentrations of NO, t-PA and PAI-1 in the culture medium were measured. Results ⑴The endothelial cells in oxLDL group were seriously injured, while those in Tongmai Tang group got better; ⑵the concentrations of NO and t-PA in the oxLDL group were significantly lower than those in the control group(P