Objective To assess effects of cerebral ischemic postconditioning(IPost)on neuronal apoptosis and phosphated glycogen synthase kinase-3β(GSK-3β)after cerebral ischemic/reperfusion.Methods The experiment was conducted at the center for animal experiment of Renmin Hospital,Wuhan University.Thirty male Wistar rats were randomly divided into three groups:sham operation(S),ischemic/reperfusion(I/R)and ischemic postconditioning(IPost).Each group contained ten rats.Global brain ischemia was produced with four-VO method.Animals were killed after two days.Apoptosis in neurons in the cortex region were detected by TUNEL assay; infarct areas were detected by TTC ; activity of p-GSK-3β was detected by spectrum assay; Statistical software SPSS13.0 was applicated to perform one-way ANOVA Student-Newman-Keul test; correlation was detected by linear regression.Results Compared with group S,TUNEL-positive cells and infarct areas increased(P ＜0.01),the activity of p-GSK-3β decreased in I/R and IPost groups(P ＜ 0.01).Compared with group I/R,TUNEL-positive cells and infarct areas significantly decreased(P ＜ 0.01),the activity of p-GSK-3β increased in group IPost(P ＜ 0.01).The activity of p-GSK-3β and TUNEL-positive cells had highly correlation,so as infarct areas(P ＜ 0.01).Conclusions IPost can lessen the ischemic/reperfusion injury of Cortex,through increas the activity of p-GSK-3[β and decreasing neuronal apoptosis.

Objectives To compare the efficiency and clearance of single dose low molecular weight heparin(LMWH) as anticoagulant in hemodiafiltration and hemodialysis.Methods Twenty-two patients were enrolled in the study.A single injection of LMWH(Nadroparin calcium 7500ICUAXa) was given before hemodiafiltration and hemodialysis respectively.The anti-factor-Xa activity and the activated partial thromboplastin time(APTT) in plasma were assayed during the treatment,and the dialyzer coagulation was observed.The changes of urea and serum creatinine were measured before and after the treatment.Results The anti-factor-Xa activity of LMWH during hemodiafiltration was lower than that during hemodialysis.However,there was no significant difference in APTT between the two groups.Conclusions A single bolus injection of Nadroparin provides a simple and effective anticoagulation regimen for hemodiafiltration lasting up to four hours.

Objective To compare the changes of serum levels of heme oxygenase‐1(HO‐1) ,C‐reactive protein(CRP) and Chitinase‐3‐1ike protein 1(YKL‐40) in patients with rectal cancer after laparoscopic‐assisted radical operation versus open radical surgery .Methods According the integration and elimination standard ,60 cases of patients with rectal cancer were selected and di‐vided into laparoscopic group (30 cases) and open group (30 cases) ,the concentrations of HO‐1 ,YKL‐40 and CRP in peripheral blood of patients were detected on the first and third postoperative day and preoperative day(P<0 .05) ,and were compared between the two groups .Results The serum levels of HO‐1 ,YKL‐40 and CRP in the laparoscopic group were significantly lower than those in the open group on the first and third postoperative day(P<0 .05) .The serum levels of HO‐1 ,YKL‐40 and CRP were significant‐ly increased after surgery ,and serum levels of HO‐1 and CRP on third postoperative day were significantly increased compared with that on the first postoperative day in the two groups after surgery ,while serum level of YKL‐40 on the third postoperative day was significantly lower than that on the first postoperative day in the two groups after surgery .Conclusion The stress reaction is com‐paratively mild in patients with rectal cancer after laparoscopic assisted radical operation ,and the postoperative period may be shor‐ter in patients treated with laparoscopic assisted radical operation than those treated with open radical surgery .

Objective To investigate the effects of different duration of sevoflurane anesthesia in the neonatal period on the long?term cognitive function and hippocampal synaptic plasticity in rats. Methods Twenty?four pathogen?free healthy Sprague?Dawley rats of both sexes, aged 7 days, weighing 12-16 g, were divided into 3 groups ( n=8 each) using a random number table: control group ( group C) , sevoflu?rane anesthesia for 2 h group ( group S1 ) , and sevoflurane anesthesia for 6 h group ( group S2 ) . Group S1 and group S2 inhaled 2% sevoflurane for 2 and 6 h, respectively. Morris water maze test was performed at 30 days after the end of anesthesia ( postnatal day 37) to assess the cognitive function. After the end of the test, the rats were sacrificed, and hippocampi were isolated for determination of the expression of brain?de?rived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF) , postsynaptic density?95 ( PSD?95) and synapsin 1 in hippocampal tis?sues by Western blot. Results Compared with group C, the escape latency on 4th and 5th days of the test in group S1 and on 2nd-5th days of the test in group S2 was significantly prolonged, and the frequency of crossing the original platform was significantly decreased, and the time of staying at the platform quadrant was significantly shortened in S1 and S2 groups, the expression of BDNF, PSD?95 and synapsin 1 in hipp?ocampal tissues was significantly down?regulated in group S2 (P<0?05), and no significant change was found in the expression of BDNF, PSD?95 and synapsin 1 in hippocampal tissues in group S1 ( P>0?05) . Compared with group S1 , no significant change was found in the escape latency and frequency of crossing
the original platform (P>0?05), the time of staying at the platform quadrant was significantly shortened, and the expression of BDNF, PSD?95 and synapsin 1 in hippocampal tissues was significantly down?regula?ted in group S2 ( P<0?05) . Conclusion Short?time and long?time sevoflurane anesthesia both can induce long?term cognitive dysfunction in the neonatal period, and the severity is aggravated with prolonged anes?thesia; the partial mechanism is related to inhibition of the synaptic plasticity of hippocampal neurons of rats.

Objective: To investigate the effects of low molecular weight heparin(LMWH) on vascular endothelial growth factor(VEGF) expression of early diabetic nephropathy. Methods: Ninety-five male SD rats were randomly divided into three groups: normal control rats, STZ-induced diabetic rats and diabetic rats treated with LMWH. The renal tissues were subjected to immunohistochemical staining after 1,2,4,6,and 8 weeks’ treatment respectively to quantify the VEGF expression. Results: Immunohistochemical staining demonstrated an increasing in VEGF positive cells in diabetic rats. It was found that there were significant differences in VEGF staining intensity between diabetic rats and normal control rats and between LMWH treated rats and untreated diabetic rats after two weeks treatment. Conclusion: The inhibition of VEGF expression may be one of the mechanisms of LMWH’s renal protective effects on early diabetic nephropathy.

Objective To investigate the analgesic efficacy and spinal neurotoxicity of intrathecal (IT) different doses of dexmedetomidine in rats. Methods Sixty male SD rats weighing 180-220 g were randomly divided into 5 groups ( n = 12 each): groupnormal control (group C); group IT normal saline (group N); different doses of dexmedetomidine groups received IT dexmedetomidine 0.75, 1.50 and 3.00 μg/kg respectively (groups D1.3). Paw withdrawal threshold to mechanical stimulation (PWMT)with yon Frey filaments and tail flick latency (TFL) to a thermal nociceptive stimulus were measured before (To, baseline) and at 30 or60 rin after IT dexmedetomidine or normal saline administration (T1, T2 ) and the percentage of the maximum possible effect ( MPE ) was calculated. Lumbar segment of the spinal cord ( L4-6 ) was removed for microscopic examination and determination of c-Fos expression (by immuno-histochemistry) at 7, 24 and 48 h after IT dexmedetomidine or normal saline administration. Results PWMT, TFL and the percentage of MPE were significantly increased after IT dexmedetomidine as compared with the baseline values at T0 in groups D1-3 ( P ＜ 0.05). PWMT was significantly higher at T1 and TFL and the percentage of MPE were higher at T2 in groups D1-3 than in groups C and N,and in group D3 than in groups D1,2 ( P ＜ 0.05). At 7,24 h after IT dexmedetomidine c-Fos protein expression was significantly higher in group D3 than in groups C and N( P ＜ 0.05). There was no significant difference in c-Fos expression at 48 h after IT dexmedetomidine between group D3 and groups C and N ( P ＞ 0.05 ). At 24 h after IT dexmedetomidine c-Fos protein expression was significantly higher in group D3 than in other 4 groups( P ＜ 0.05). Slight spinal cord injury was observed at 24 h after IT dexmedetomidine in group D3. Conclusion IT dexmedetomidine has antinociceptive effect. High dose dexmedetomidine IT can produce transient reversible toxicity to the spinal cord.

Objective To evaluate the changes in the expression of DJ-1 protein during myocardial ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) in diabetic rats.Methods Fifty male Sprague-Dawley rats,weighing 220-280 g,were used in this study.Type 1 diabetes mellitus was induced by intraperitoneal streptozotocin 65 mg/kg and confirmed by fasting blood glucose ＞ 16.7 mmol/L.Forty animals with type 1 diabetes mellitus were randomly divided into 3 groups:diabetes group (group D,n =10),diabetic sham operation group (group DS,n =15) and diabetic I/R group (group DIR,n =15).Another 10 non-diabetic rats in which citrate buffer 6 ml/kg was injected intraperitoneally were served as control group (group C).Myocardial I/R was produced by occlusion of the anterior descending branch of left coronary artery for 30 min followed by 120 min reperfusion in group I/R.At 120 min of reperfusion,5 rats were sacrificed and myocardial specimens were c(on)tained for determination of infarct size in groups DS and DIR,and 10 rats were sacrificed and myocardial specimens were obtained for microscopic examination and for determination of cell apoptosis,malondialdehyde (MDA) content,superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and expression of DJ-1 and phosphatase and tensin homologue (PTEN) protein.Apoptotic index (AI) was calculated.Linear correlation between the expression of DJ-1 protein and MDA content,SOD activity,AI and expression of PTEN protein was analyzed.Results Compared with group DS,the myocardial infract size was significantly increased in group DIR (P ＜ 0.05).Compared with group C,MDA content and AI were significantly increased,SOD activity was decreased,the expression of DJ-1 was down-regulated,and the expression of PTEN protein was up-regulated in groups D,DS and DIR (P ＜ 0.05).Compared with groups D and DS,MDA content and AI were significantly increased,SOD activity was decreased,the expression of DJ-1 was down-regulated,and the expression of PTEN protein was up-regulated in group DIR (P ＜ 0.05).There was no significant difference in the parameters mentioned above between groups D and DS (P ＞ 0.05).There was linear correlation between the expression of DJ-1 protein and MDA content,SOD activity,AI and expression of PTEN protein and the correlation coefficients (r) were-0.734,0.593,-0.818,and-0.812 in turn.Conclusion Down-regulation of DJ-1 protein expression is involved in myocardial I/R injury in diabetic rats via decreasing anti-oxidative stress responses and upregulating PTEN protein expression.

Objective To investigate the mechanism of myocardial ischemia and reperfusion-induced acute lung injury (ALl) and protective effect of ischemic postconditioning.Methods Forty SD rats were allocated to sham group,myocardial ischemia/reperfusion group (reperfusion group),ischemic postconditioning group (postconditioning group),and ischemic postconditioning + phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome ten (PTEN) inhibiting group (inhibitor group) according to the random number table,with 10 rats per group.Myocardial ischemia/reperfusion was induced by left anterior descending coronary artery occlusion.Postconditioning was performed within 1 minute before reperfusion consisting of 3 10 s cycles of reperfusion followed by 10 s occlusion.Lung was immediately removed 120 minutes after reperfusion for HE stain,immunohistochemical detection of inflammatory factors and apoptosis factors,TUNEL assay of cell apoptosis,and Western blot of protein kinase B (Akt),phospho-Akt (p-Akt),glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β),and phospho-GSK-3β (p-GSK-3β).Results Down-regulated B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2) and IL-10 and up-regulated Bcl-2 associated X protein (Bax),cysteinyl aspartate specific proteinase-3 (Caspase-3),IL-6 as well as IL-8 were observed in other 3 groups compared with sham group (P ＜0.01).Moreover,down-regulated Bax,Caspase-3,IL-6,IL-8 as well as TUNEL and up-regulated Bcl-2 as well as IL-10 were observed in reperfusion group compared to postconditioning group and tensor group (P ＜ 0.01).No statistical differences were found among the four groups in levels of Akt,p-Akt,and GSK-3β,but level of p-GSK-3β was significantly down-regulated in reperfusion group compared to other 3 groups(P ＜ 0.01).Conclusion Development of ALI may relate to down-regulation of p-GSK-3β evoked directly by the release of inflammation factors in early period of myocardial ischemia/reperfusion and ischemic postconditioning may attenuate the condition.

Objective To evaluate the effects of ischemic postconditioning on brain injury induced by myocardial ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) in diabetic rats.Methods Diabetes mellitus was induced by intraperitoneal streptozotocin 60 mg/kg and confirmed by blood glucose level ＞ 16.7 mmol/L.Thirty male Sprague-Dawley rats,weighing 220-280 g,in which diabetes mellitus was successfully induced,were randomly allocated into 3 groups (n =10 each) using a random number table:group sham operation (group S),group I/R and group ischemic postconditioning (group P).Myocardial I/R was induced by occlusion of the anterior descending branch of the left coronary artery in I/R and P groups.Group P received 3 cycles of 10 s reperfusion followed by 10 s ischemia at the end of myocardial ischemia.The rats were sacrificed at 120 min of reperfusion and the brains were removed for microscopic examination and for determination of cell apoptosis (by TUNEL) and expression of interleukin-6 (IL-6),IL-8,IL-10,glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta (GSK-3β) and phosphorylated GSK-3β (pGSK-3β) (by immuno-histochemistry).Apoptotic index was calculated.Results Compared with group S,apoptotic index was significantly increased,IL-6 and IL-8 expression was up-regulated,and IL-10 and pGSK-3β expression was downregulated in I/R and P groups (P ＜ 0.01).Compared with group I/R,apoptotic index was significantly decreased,IL-6 and IL-8 expression was down-regulated,and IL-10 and pGSK-3β expression was up-regulated in group P (P＜0.01).There was no significant difference in GSK-3β expression among the 3 groups (P ＞ 0.05).The pathologic changes were significantly attenuated in group P as compared with group I/R.Conclusion Ischemic postconditioning can attenuate brain injury induced by myocardial I/R in diabetic rats,and inhition of activity of GSK-3β may be involved in the mechanism.

Objective To compare the roles of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)/NF-κB signal pathway in acute lung injury (ALl) induced by blunt chest trauma and by blunt chest trauma-hemorrhagic shock and resuscitation (double hits) in rats.Methods Forty male Sprague-Dawley rats,aged 8 weeks,weighing 240-280 g,were randomly assigned into 3 equal groups (n =10 each) using a random number table:sham operation group (S group),blunt chest trauma group (T group),and blunt chest trauma and hemorrhagic shock and resuscitation group (group THSR).Lung contusion was induced in anesthetized rats by dropping a 300 g weight onto a precordial protective shield to direct the impact force away from the heart and toward the lungs.Blood was withdrawn via the femoral artery 5 min later until MAP was decreased to 35-45 mmHg within 15 min and maintained at this level for 60 min,followed by resuscitation.At 6 h after the model was established,the arterial blood samples were collected for blood gas analysis and detection of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) concentrations in serum.Oxygenation index (PaO2/FiO2) was calculated.The rats were then sacrificed and pulmonary specimens were obtained for determination of TLR4 expression and NF-κB ac tivity (by immunohistochemistry and Western blot) in lung tissues and for microscopic examination.Results Compared with group S,PaO2 and PaO2/FiO2 were significantly decreased,PaCO2 and TNF-α concentrations in serum were increased,TLR4 expression was up-regulated,and NF-κB activity was enhanced in T and THSR groups (P ＜ 0.05).Compared with group T,PaO2 and PaO2/FiO2 were significantly decreased,PaCO2 and TNF-α concentrations in serum were increased,TLR4 expression was up-regulated,and NF-κcB activity was enhanced in THSR group (P ＜ 0.05).The histopathological damage to lung tissues was aggravated in THSR group as compared with T group.Conclusion The role of TLR-4/NF-κB signal pathway in ALI induced by blunt chest traumahemorrhagic shock and resuscitation (double hits) is significantly stronger than that in ALI induced by blunt chest trauma alone in rats.