OBJECTIVETo develop an HPLC-DAD-ELSD method for detecting the fingerprint of Astragali Radix and evaluate the quality through similarity calculation and chemical pattern recognition.

METHODSeparation was performed at 25 degreeC on an Agilent Zorbax ODS C18 column(4.6 mm x250 mm,5 microm). Gradient elution was performed with the mobile phases of acetonitrile and water containing 0. 2% formic acid. The flow rate was 0. 8 mL min-1 , and sample size was 10 microL. The UV detection wavelength was set at 280 nm. The drift tube temperature for ELSD was set at 110 degreeC , and the nebulizing gas flow rate was 3.0 L min-1. The similarity calculation and chemical pattern recognition were used for fingerprint analysis.

RESULTThe HPLC-DAD-ELSD method for chromatographic fingerprint of Astragali Radix showed better results of stability, precision and repeatability. The reference chromatographic fingerprint of Astragali Radix was established on the eighteen Astragali Radix samples from different sources. The results of similarity calculation were higher than 0. 83, which was in accordance with the result of chemical pattern recognition analysis.

CONCLUSIONFingerprint and chemical pattern recognition analysis could effectively distinguish Astragali Radix from different source, which could be applied to the quality control of Astragali Radix.

Astragalus Plant ; chemistry ; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ; methods ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; chemistry ; Temperature

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the expression of CD4, CD69, CD34, RANTES, IL-5 and IL-8 in nasal polyp tissues, and study their roles in the formation of nasal polyp. METHOD: The expression of CD4, CD69, CD34, RANTES, IL-5 and IL-8 were detected by immunohistochemical method and image analysis in 34 cases of nasal polyps and 30 cases of nasal concha mucosa (LNT). RESULT: The positive rate of glandular organ hyperplasia, formation of beaker cell, fiber hyperplasia, interstitial edema and infiltration of lymphocyte and eosinophilic granulocyte in nasal polyps were significantly higher than those in nasal concha mucosa (P<0.01). The cell density (piece/mm2) of CD4+, CD69+, IL-5, IL-8, RANTES in 34 nasal polyps was significantly higher than those in nasal concha mucosa (P<0.05). Marked positive correlations were found between expression of CD4, CD69 and RANTES, IL-5 and IL-8 (P<0.05, P<0.01 and P<0.05), expression of IL-5 and RANTES and infiltration level of eosinophilic granulocyte (P<0.05 and P<0.01), and expression of IL-8 and vaso formation on nasal polyps tissue (P<0.01). CONCLUSION T lymphocytes and correlated cytokines participate in the immunopathogenesis of nasal polyps; IL-5 and RANTES can prompt the infiltration, the aggregation and the activation of eosinophilic granulocytes; IL-8 can promote the vaso formation in nasal polyps.
Chemokine CCL5 ; metabolism ; Female ; Granulocytes ; immunology ; Humans ; Interleukin-5 ; metabolism ; Interleukin-8 ; metabolism ; Lymphocyte Activation ; Lymphocyte Count ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Nasal Mucosa ; immunology ; metabolism ; Nasal Polyps ; immunology ; metabolism ; T-Lymphocytes ; immunology

Sepsis is life-threatening with complex pathogenesis. It is a big problem in the medical field. Clinically, antibiotics, hormones and mechanical ventilation are the main treatments. There is a lack of specific therapeutic drugs. The treatment effect is not good. In recent years, more and more progress has been made in the treatment of sepsis with traditional Chinese medicine. This article reviews the etiology, pathogenesis and treatment strategies of sepsis. It focuses on four therapies, including clearing away heat and detoxification, clearing the interior, activating blood circulation and removing blood stasis, and strengthening the foundation. We further discuss the advantages and disadvantages of traditional Chinese medicine in the treatment of sepsis, in order to provide reference for the clinical treatment of sepsis.

Immunoparalysis is the main cause of death in patients with intermediate and terminal sepsis. The correction of immunoparalysis is an important direction of sepsis treatment. In the pathological process of sepsis, a variety of factors contribute to the imbalanced secretion of cytokines, weakened function of antigen-presenting cells, apoptosis and depletion of lymphocytes, and ultimately lead to immunoparalysis, secondary infection, and even patient deaths. Cytokines such as GM-CSF, IFN-γ, IL-7, and IL-15, immune checkpoint-related therapies such as PD-1/PD-L1 antibodies, CTLA-4 antibodies, TIM-3 antibodies, and LAG-3 antibodies, and immunoreactive substances such as thymosin α1 and immunoglobulin might be beneficial to correct the immune paralysis of patients. the progress of immunotherapy to correct immune paralysis in sepsis were reviewed in this article.

As a typical human pathogenic fungus,

Anesthesia consciousness monitoring is an important issue in basic neuroscience and clinical applications, which has received extensive attention. In this study, in order to find the indicators for monitoring the state of clinical anesthesia, a total of 14 patients undergoing general anesthesia were collected for 5 minutes resting electroencephalogram data under three states of consciousness (awake, moderate and deep anesthesia). Sparse partial least squares (SPLS) and traditional synchronized likelihood (SL) are used to calculate brain functional connectivity, and the three conscious states before and after anesthesia were distinguished by the connection features. The results show that through the whole brain network analysis, SPLS and traditional SL method have the same trend of network parameters in different states of consciousness, and the results obtained by SPLS method are statistically significant ( <0.05). The connection features obtained by the SPLS method are classified by the support vector machine, and the classification accuracy is 87.93%, which is 7.69% higher than that of the connection feature classification obtained by SL method. The results of this study show that the functional connectivity based on the SPLS method has better performance in distinguishing three kinds of consciousness states, and may provides a new idea for clinical anesthesia monitoring.

To study the chronic hepatotoxicity of Chinese medicine Zishen Yutai pill (ZYP) prepared from Polygonum multiflorum with the recommended dosage in normal Beagle dogs. Low, middle and high doses of ZYP (1.5, 3.0, 6.0 g·kg⁻¹; i.e. 3×, 6× and 12× equivalent doses) were given orally to dogs for 39 consecutive weeks. At the same time, the same volume of deionized water was used as the solvent control group, one time a day. The general condition of the animals was observed every day during the period of administration, and the blood was collected before and 13, 26, 39, 43 weeks after administration to detect the biomarkers related to the hepatotoxicity of the dog serum. 2/7, 3/7 and 2/7 animals were dissected after 13, 39, and 43 weeks of administration to observe the pathological changes of the animal organs, weigh the mass of main organs and conduct pathological examination of the liver. As compared to the solvent control group, 11 liver hepatotoxicity traditional biomarkers such as ALT, AST were found no ZYP-related changes at month 3, 6, 9 of the administration and month 1 in recovery period; There was no significant difference in liver viscera index and liver pathology. Therefore, no obvious hepatotoxicity was shown by ZYP administered up to 6.0 g·kg⁻¹ for 9 months in normal dogs at doses of 1.5, 3.0, and 6.0 g·kg⁻¹.

OBJECTIVETo identify clinical characteristics of hospitalized laboratory-confirmed influenza cases of children under 15 years old, and their risk factors of influenza infection.

METHODSAnalyzing the reports of hospitalized laboratory-confirmed influenza cases of children under 15 years old who were detected by the sentinel surveillance systems in 10 provinces from December 2009 to June 2014. Such data as their demographic, medical history, clinical symptoms and signs, treatment and outcome were collected using questionnaires, with their clinical characteristics and their risk factors of influenza infection described.

RESULTSOf the 2 937 severe acute respiratory infection inpatients, 190 (6.5%) were laboratory-confirmed influenza cases. 123 (64.7%) of such confirmed cases were male, and 139 (73.2%) were children under 5 years old, with age median of 3.0 years (IQR: 1.0-5.0 years). 20 (10.5%) of them had at least one chronic medical condition, mostly chronic cardiovascular disease (3.2%), immunosuppressive disease (3.2%), and cancer/tumor (2.6%). Most common clinical symptoms of the cases were fever (92.6%) and cough (88.8%), of which abnormal pulmonary auscultation (51.1%) and abnormal chest X-ray performance (36.1%) were the most common clinical signs. 29 cases (15.8%) had complications, of which pneumonia (15.3%) was most common. 16 cases (8.6%) used antiviral drugs, and 4 cases (2.2%) were admitted into ICU. Risk factor analysis suggested that age < 6 months (OR = 0.406, 95% CI: 0.203-0.815) was a protective factor against influenza infection; and age 5-9 years old (OR = 2.535, 95% CI: 1.059-6.066) was a risk factor for influenza infection.

CONCLUSIONHospitalized laboratory-confirmed influenza cases were found mostly in children under 5 years old. Risk exposure for influenza infection varied among age groups.

Acute Disease ; Adolescent ; Antiviral Agents ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; China ; epidemiology ; Cough ; Female ; Fever ; Hospitalization ; Humans ; Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype ; Influenza, Human ; epidemiology ; pathology ; Inpatients ; Laboratories ; Male ; Protective Factors ; Risk Assessment ; Risk Factors ; Sentinel Surveillance ; Surveys and Questionnaires