Objective To evaluate the antibacterial activity in vitro of Galla Chinensis ethanol extractant(GCEE)against S.epidermidis,and the change of cell morphology of S.epidermidis.Methods Deterimination of antibacterial activity of GCEE against 124 strains S.epidermidis was performed by using agar dilution method,and the changes of cell merphalogy of S.epidermidis was examined by microscope.Results The MIC90 of GCEE against 43 strains of MRSE(methicillin-resistant staphylococcus epidermidis)and 81 strains of MSSE(methicillin-sensitive staphylococcus epidermidis)were 0.288 and 0.144 mg/mL respectively.Under microscope,the cells of S.epidermidis were expansion by degrees,with the edge of cell of S.epidermidis irregular.The substances in cells of S.epidermidis were disappear final.Conclusion Galla Chinensis ethanol extractant had strong antibacterial activity against 124 strains of S.epidermidis,and the cell morphology of S.epidermidis changed.

Objective To evaluate the antibacterial activity of Galla chinensis etc.14 kinds of TCM against 112 strains of Staphylococcus aureus in vitro. Method Deterimination of antibacterial activity of Galla chinensis etc.against 112 strains of Staphylococcus aureus was performed by using new agar dilution method. Results The antibacterial efficiency of Galla chinensis, Forsythia suspensa and Acacia catechu (L.) Willd against 112 strains Staphylococcus aureus was good, and the MIC90 was 0.102, 0.244, 1.19 mg/mL respectively. Conclusion Galla chinensis etc. 14 kinds of TCM had strong antibacterial activity agsinst 112 srains of Staphylococcus aureus.

Objective To observe antibacterial efficiency of Prunus mume Sieb et Zucc against clinical isolates. Method Antibacterial activity of Prunus mume Sieb et Zucc against 308 strains of clinical isolates were determined by agar dilution method. Results MIC50 of Prunus mume Sieb et Zucc against staphylococcus aureus (112 strains), S.epidermidis (112 strains), and Enterococci (28 strains) were 0.72, 1.44, 0.72 mg/mL, and MIC90 were 1.44, 1.44, 0.72 mg/mL respectively. The MIC90 of Prunus mume Sieb et Zucc to Klebsiella pneumoniae and E. coli were 2.88, 1.44 mg/mL respectively. Conclusion Prunus mume Sieb et Zucc has good antibacterial activity against Gram positive cocci and some Gram negative bacilli.

OBJECTIVE:To discuss the bioequiavailability of traditional Chinese medicine apozems and granules and to provide references for the rational drug use in the clinic.METHODS:Coptidis rhizome,scutellaria,Chinese gall,fructus schiza_ ndrae,cortex phellodendri decotion and granules against The MIC 50 ,MIC 90 ,MIC and MBC of224strains of clinical isolated str_ ains were determined by M-H agar dilution method and the bacteriostatic actions of which were compared.RESULTS:5traditional Chinese medicine apozems and granules showed different degree of antibacterial actions,with the Chinese gall being the most potent.CONCLUSION:The apozems showed stronger antibacterial actions than the granules among the5traditional Chinese medicines.

Objective To evaluate the in- vitro antibacterial activity of e thanol- extract of Galla Chinensis against Staphycoccus aureus (S. aureus).Meth ods The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC50) of ethanol- extract of Galla Chinensis against 112 strains of S. aureus was detected by using agar dilution method.Results The MIC50 and MIC90 of ethanol- extract of Galla Chinensis aga inst 84 strains of MRSA (methicillin- resistant staphylococcus aureus) were 0. 315, 0.315 mg/mL, and those against 28 strains MSSA (methicillin- sensitive sta phylococcus aureus) were 0.63 and 0.315 mg/mL respectively.Conclusion Ethanol - extract of Galla Chinensis has a strong antibacterial activity against S.aure us.

Objective To investigate the effects of minimal-flow sevoflurane anesthesia combined with a new CO2 adsorbent Amsorb Plus calcium lime on the hepatic and renal functions in patients.Methods Seventytow ASA Ⅰ or Ⅱ patients,aged 20-60 yr,scheduled for gastrointestinal surgery under general anesthesia,were randomized into 2 groups (n =36 each):middle-flow anesthesia group (group G1 ) and minimal-flow anesthesia group (group G2 ).Amsorb Plus calcium lime was added into the CO2 absorption canister and the core temperature of the calcium lime was continuously monitored and recorded.The patients were tracheal intubated after anesthesia induction and mechanically ventilated.The initial sevoflurane concentration was set at 4％ and the fresh gas flow of oxygen was set at 4 L/min.After the end-tidal concentration of sevoflurane reached 2.6％,the fresh gas flow of oxygen was adjusted to 2 L/min in group G1 or 0.5 L/min in group G2.The end-tidal concentration of sevoflurane was maintained at 2.4％-2.8％ during operation.Venous blood samples were taken 24 h before and 24 h after operation for determination of the serum concentrations of total bilirubin (TBIL),direct bilirubin (DBIL),blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinire (Cr) and activities of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST).Urine samples were obtained at 24 h before and after operation to detect the concentration of glucose and protein.The urine glucose and protein positive patients were recorded.Results There was no significant difference in the core temperature of calcium lime at different time points between the two groups ( P ＞ 0.05 ).Compared with that at 24 h before operation,AST activity,TBIL and DBIL concentrations were significantly increased,BUN concentration was significantly decreased,but no significant change was found in the Cr concentration and the number of urine glucose and protein positive patients at 24 h after operation in group G1,and DBIL concentration was significantly increased,while BUN concentration was significantly decreased at 24 h after operation in group G2 ( P ＜ 0.05 ).There was no significant difference in the parameters of hepatic and renal functions between the two groups ( P ＞ 0.05).Conclusion The combination of minimal-flow sevoflurane anesthesia and Amsorb Plus calcium lime exerts no effect on the hepatic and renal functions,the effect is similar to that of middle-flow anesthesia,and it can be safely used in patients.

Objective To develop a multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR )method for detecting and genotyping moxifloxacin-resistant Clostridium difficile (C.difficile)isolates.Methods Specific PCR primers of slpA genotypes gr,hr,fr,gc08 and 078 were designed according to the differences of slpA nucleotide sequences in different C.difficile genotypes,and the house-keeping gene tpi specific PCR primers were also added for the construction of multiplex PCR method.Nine common intestinal normal and pathogenic strains were used to verify the specificity of slpA multiplex PCR for the detection of C.difficile.Forty-six C.difficile reference strains,belonging to 11 slpA genotypes,were used to verify the ability of the multiplex PCR method for dectecting and genotyping.Thirty-nine moxifloxacin-resistant clinical isolates were genotyped by the multiplex PCR,and its clinical value was evaluated by comparing with slpA sequence typing (slpA ST)method.Results All the 9 intestinal normal and pathogenic strains were negative when detected by the multiplex PCR.And tpi of 46 C. difficile reference strains were positive,and 36 strains belonging to slpA genotypes gr,hr,fr,gc08 and 078 were genotyped correctly.Other 10 strains which belonged to other 6 genotypes were non-typeable. Among 39 moxifloxacin-resistant clinical isolates,all were positive of tpi,and 32 isolates were typed correctly by the multiplex PCR method,including 22 slpA genotypes gc08,6 genotypes hr,2 genotypes fr,and 2 genotypes 078,which were consistent with slpA ST.However,7 isolates could not be typed by multiplex PCR,which were identified as other genotypes not included in the multiplex PCR by slpA ST. Conclusions A convenient and rapid multiplex PCR method for the detection of C.difficile is established successfully,which can distinguish among five slpA genotypes.slpA genotype gc08 is the common genotype of moxifloxacin-resistant clinical isolates.

Objective To investigate the antioxidative effects of all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) on the intestinal ischemia reperfusion.Methods Thirty-two male SD rats were randomly divided into the sham operation group,occlusion group,dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) group and the ATRA group according to the random number table.There were 8 rats in each group.Rat models of intestinal ischemia reperfusion were established by clamping the superior mesenteric arteries for 60 minutes,and then restore the blood flow for 120 minutes.Superior mesenteric arteries were only separated without clamping in the sham operation group.Rats in the ATRA group received ATRA pretreatment through intragastric infusion at the dosage of 15 μg/g for 5 days,and then ATRA pretreatment at 6 hours before operation.Rats in the DMSO group received intragastric infusion of DMSO at the same dosage.The concentration of ATRA at 5 hours before operation was detected by high performance liquid chromatography.The pathomorphological changes of the ileal mucosa were detected by hematoxylin-eosin staining,and the Chiu's scores on the ileal mucosa were evaluated.The serum content of diamine oxidase (DAO),tissue level of malonaldehyde (MDA) and activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) were detected by colorimetry.Protein expression of manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) in the ileal tissues was detected by Western blot.All data were analyzed using the analysis of variance or LSD-t test.Results The concentrations of ATRA in the ATRA group was (827 ±276) μg/L,which was significantly higher than (48 ± 12) μg/L of the sham operation group,(55 ± 15) μg/L of the occlusion group and (63 ± 20) μg/L of the DMSO group (t =11.242,11.138,11.013,P ＜ 0.05).The morphology of the ileal mucosa was normal in the sham operation group,while the ileal mucosa was severely damaged in the occlusion group and the DMSO group.The injury of the ileal mucosa in the ATRA group was slight.The Chiu's scores of the occlusion group,DMSO group and the ATRA group were 3.83 ±0.77,3.92 ± 0.87 and 2.42 ± 0.75,which were significantly higher than 0.37 ± 0.28 of the sham operation group (t =9.803,10.040,5.793,P ＜0.05).The Chiu's scores of the ATRA group was significantly lower than that of the occlusion group and the DMSO group (t =4.009,4.247,P ＜ 0.05).The DAO levels of the occlusion group,DMSO group and the ATRA group were (26.3 ±4.4)U/L,(25.1 ± 4.3)U/L and (20.8 ±3.8)U/L,which were significantly higher than (14.2 ± 1.9) U/L of the sham operation group (t =6.493,5.835,3.534,P ＜ 0.05).The level of DAO of the ATRA group was significantly lower than that of the occlusion group and the DMSO group (t =2.959,2.301,P ＜0.05).The levels of MDA of the occlusion group,DMSO group and the ATRA group were (16.9 ± 4.0) μmol/g,(16.0 ± 3.5) μmol/g and (11.3 ± 3.1) μmol/g,which were significantly higher than (5.4 ± 1.0) μmol/g of the sham operation group (t =7.397,6.821,3.821,P ＜ 0.05).The level of MDA of the ATRA group was signifcantly lower than that of the occlusion group and the DMSO group (t =3.575,3.000,P ＜ 0.05).The SOD activity of the occlusion group,DMSO group and the ATRA group were (108 ±22) U/mg,(98 ± 19) U/mg and (181 ± 38)U/mg,which were significantly lower than (243 ± 37)U/mg of the sham operation group (t =8.939,9.647,4.106,P ＜ 0.05).The SOD activity of the ATRA group was significantly higher than that of the occlusion group and the DMSO group (t =4.833,5.541,P ＜ 0.05).The relative protein expressions of the MnSOD of the occlusion group and the DMSO group were 0.36 ± 0.08 and 0.28 ± 0.07,which were significantly lower than 0.93 ± 0.13 of the sham operation group (t =8.972,10.101,P ＜ 0.05).The relative protein expression of the MnSOD of the ATRA group was 0.80 ± 0.19,which was significantly higher than that of the occlusion group and the DMSO group (t =6.948,8.077,P ＜ 0.05),while it was not significantly different from that of the sham operation group (t =2.024,P ＞ 0.05).Conclusion Through up-regulating the expression of MnSOD and improving the antioxidative capacity of tissue,ATRA pretreatment can attenuate intestinal ischemia and reperfusion injury.

Objective To investigate the genotype and variance of toxin associated genes of moxifloxacin‐resistant Clostridium difficile clinical isolates in Sydney .Methods Twenty‐two moxifloxacin‐resistant Clostridium difficile clinical isolates were collected from Sydney ,which were genotyped by using sequencer capillary gel electrophoresis based PCR‐ribotyping ,and toxin A and B cod‐ing gene tcdA and tcdB ,and binary toxin coding gene cdtA and cdtB were detected by using PCR method .Toxin regulator gene tc‐dC was analyzed by using PCR‐sequencing ,and was aligned with reference sequence of VPI 10463 (Genbank accession number :X92982) ,and the tcdC sequence types of all 22 isolates were identified by using blast tool in NCBI .Results Twenty‐one isolates were genotyped as hypervirulent PCR‐ribotypes 027 (RT027) ,and one isolate as RT078 ;all 22 isolates contained tcdA and tcdB for toxin A and B and cdtA and cdtB for binary toxin (tcdA+ tcdB+ cdtA+ cdtB+ ) .The tcdC sequence types of the 21 RT027 i‐solates belong to sc1 ,and that of the one RT078 isolate belongs to WA39 .Compared with tcdC reference sequence of VPI 10463 ,a consecutive 18 bp deletion (nt341 to 379) and one nucleotide deletion at position 117 were found in the 21 RT027 isolates ,and a consecutive 39 bp deletion (nt330 to 368) and one nucleotide mutation at position 184(C> T) were found in the one RT078 isolate . Conclusion Clostridium difficile hypervirulent RT027 was the common moxifloxacin resistant genotype ;Clostridium difficile hy‐pervirulent RT027 and RT078 clinical isolates contained genes for toxin A and B and binary toxin ,and contained gene sequence mu‐tation in toxin regulator gene tcdC .