OBJECTIVE:To provide references for Chinese pharmaceutical enterprises in establishing developmental strategy for generic drug market.METHODS:This study was bases on the theory of marketing together with literature re?trieval and demonstration analysis.RESULTS&CONCLUSION:This paper has summarized the chief problems lies in the Chinese generic drug market and put forward some feasible strategies for the pharmaceutical enterprises such as to choose va?rieties of specific features based on the characteristics of enterprises;to achieve innovation in the marketing and to focus on the country market so as to enlarge the market share;to establish strategic alliances so as to strive to be the leader of generic drugs through collaboration and competition;to occupy the top market by establishing brands for generic drugs.

Hepatitis C ; metabolism ; Humans ; Vitamin D ; metabolism

A new method has been established for simultaneous determination of anions and cations in fertilizer sample by multimodal liquid chromatography with direct conductivity detection. An Acclaim Trinity P1 column based on nanopolymer silica hybrid technology with multimodal separation functional groups reversed-phase/anion-exchange/cation-exchange was used for the analysis. The chromatographic conditions were optimized and the effect ion of eluent on retention was discussed. Eight ions ( Li+, NH+4 , K+, HCOO-, NO-2 , Cl-, NO-3 and Br-) were separated and determined simultaneously by using 25 mmol/L CH3 COONa solution containing 50% acetonitrile at pH=5. 0 as mobile phase. The flow rate was 0. 50 mL/min and the temperature was 30 ℃. Under the optimum conditions, the linear ranges of the method were in the range of 0 . 5-200 mg/L for all the ions with correlation coefficient of 0 . 9997-0 . 9999 . Whereas the detection limits (S/N=3) were in the range of 0. 16-1. 72 mg/L and the relative standard deviations (RSD, n=9) were in the range of 1 . 3-2 . 5%. The method was applied to the determination of anions and cations in the fertilizer samples with satisfied results and the recoveries were in the range of 95 . 8%-103 . 8%.

AIM: To observe the protective effect of Qizhu Oral Liquid on radiation injury in mice. METHODS: The model was made in mice by X-ray radiation. The white blood cells(WBC), bone marrow nucleated cells (BMNC) were measured. The weight of thymus and spleen were measured. RESULTS: Qizhu Oral Liquid could increase WBC and BMNC remarkably. It could increase the weight of thymus and spleen of mice signifcantly. CONCLUSION: Qizhu Oral Liquid is effective in protecting the X-radiation injury mice.

Objective To extract envelope of heart sounds exactly,for the purpose of the further analysis of its characteristics.Methods The way that envelope extraction of heart sounds based on key-points was given.The points of local peak and valley were calculated firstly,and then heart sound envelope was gotten by the interpolation of these points.Results Compared with the envelope extracted by Hilbert-transform and mathematical morphology,respectively,the outline of heart sounds was extracted more accurately,and its time-domain characters were acquired by this method.Conclusion The envelope of heart sound is extracted correctly by this method,which is useful for the further analysis.

Objective To investigate the diagnostic value comparatively of CT and radiography in pneumoconiosis.Methods Chest radiographic and CT images were analyzed retrospectively in 52 cases with pneumoconiosis.Results The pulmonary disseminated small shadowes (diameter 10 mm),13 cases and 9 cases were detected by CT and radiography respectively.20 cases (5 pneumonia,3 pulmonary tuberculosis,1 lung cancer,6 pneumothorax,4 pulmonary emphysema) and 10 cases (1 pneumonia,1 pulmonary tuberculosis,6 pneumothorax,2 pulmonary emphysema) with complications were showed by CT and radiography respectively.Conclusion CT is not superior to radiography in diagnosis of simple pneumoconiosis,but CT is superior to radiography detecting the big shadow of lung and complications,and it can help radiologists to avoid mistakes.

AIM: To construct a recombinant lentivirus RNAi vector carrying cytochrome C oxidase gene to obtain the titer of the lentiviral stock for investigation of the expression in the eukaryotic cell and the affection of the COX gene silencing in the eukaryotic cells. METHODS: According to the DNA of the cytochrome C oxidase gene, we designed and synthesized complementary single-strand DNA oligos, annealed the single-stranded oligos to generate a ds oligo, cloned the ds oligo into pENTR/U6 to obtain an entry clone; An LR recombination reaction was performed between the pENTR/U6 entry construct and pLenti6/BLOCK-iT-Dest to generate expression construct, the 293FT cell line was cotransfected with pLenti6/BLOCK-iT expression construct, and the viral packaging mix, viral supernatant was harvested to determine the titer. RESULTS: The DNA sequence of interest clone to the vector was constructd to generate an entry clone and an expression clone successfully, which were proved by sequence determination. A vector producing cell line 293FT was established, and the titer for transfection was obtained. Western blotting analysis demonstrated that COX shRNA expression construction could suppress the expression of MTCOX-I. CONCLUSION: A lentivirus RNAi vector containing cytochrome C oxidase gene was successfully constructed.

OBJECTIVE:To establish the method for the content determination of rapamycin (RAPA) in human monocyte THP-1 derived foam cells,and to study the effects of RAPA targeting preparation(RAPA-NP-Apt)targeting at foam cells. METH-ODS:Foam cells model were established through THP-1 cells were induced by oxidized low density lipoprotein. Foam cells were incubated with 200 ng/mL RAPA or 200,400,800 ng/mL RAPA-NP-Apt for 60 min. The content of RAPA was determined by HPLC. The determination was performed on Diamonsil C18 column with mobile phase consisted of acetonitrile-water(90:10,V/V) at flow rate of 1.0 mL/min. The column temperature was set at 40 ℃,and the detection wavelength was 278 nm. The sample size was 20 μL. RESULTS:The concentration of RAPA ranged 50-6400 ng/mL (r=0.99996) with average recovery of 98.72%(RSD=0.62%,n=3). RSDs of inter-day and intra-day were not more than 6.15%(n=6),RSD of stability was lower than 2%(n=6),and RSD of repeatability was 1.64%(n=6). After foam cells were incubated with RAPA or low-concentration,medi-um-concentration and high-concentration of RAPA-NP-Apt,the contents of RAPA were 12,43,98,140 ng/106 cells. CONCLU-SIONS:The method is simple,stable and reproducible. It can be used for content determination of RAPA in foam cells. RA-PA-NP-Apt can improve the effects of RAPA targeting at foam cells.

A new analytical method has been developed for the simultaneous determination of CrⅢand CrⅥusing on-line sample pretreatment valve-switching ion chromatography. The organic matrix in leather was removed by using a reverse-phase column as the pretreatment column. Before injection, EDTA was added into sample solution to react with the CrⅢto form anion which could absorb visible light strongly. After injection, the ions separated by the pretreatment column were received in a collection loop. Then the ions were delivered into an analytical column and separated. CrⅥ then was derived with the derivatization reagent 1, 5-diphenylcarbazide ( DPC) , and detected together with CrⅢ-EDTA complex by a UV-Vis detector. Under the optimum conditions, the linear range of the method for CrⅢ and CrⅥ was 0. 3-10 mg/L (r=0. 9991) and 0. 05-2 mg/L ( r = 0. 9992 ), whereas detection limits ( S/N = 3 ) were 80. 78 μg/L and 6. 67 μg/L, respectively. The recoveries were in the range of 88. 7%-108. 5% with the relative standard deviations for retention time and peak area less than 3%. The method could be applied to determine CrⅢ and CrⅥ in leather and cloth effectively and quickly.

The rupture of atherosclerotic plaques is the leading cause of death in developed countries. Early identification of vulnerable plaque is the essential step in preventing acute coronary events. Intravascular photoacoustic (IVPA) technology is able to visualize chemical composition of atherosclerotic plaque with high specificity and sensitivity. Integrated with intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) imaging, this multimodal intravascular IVPA/IVUS imaging technology is able to provide both structural and chemical compositions of arterial walls for detecting and characterizing atherosclerotic plaques. In this paper, we present representative multimodal IVPA/IVUS imaging systems and discuss current scientific innovations, potential limitations, and prospective improvements for characterization of coronary atherosclerosis.
Atherosclerosis ; Cause of Death ; Coronary Artery Disease ; Developed Countries ; Plaque, Atherosclerotic ; Prospective Studies ; Rupture ; Sensitivity and Specificity ; Ultrasonography*