Objective To establish a gas chromatography method which will be suitable for determination of one time of the benzene, toluene, dimethylbenzene in the adhesives. Methods DMF was used for dissolving the sample, polyethylene glycol chrom-atographic column, hydrogen flames detector gas chromatography were employed to separate the compounds, determine the nature of serve time, quantify apex area. Results The contents of benzene, toluene, dimethylbenzene in gooey were 7.33-146.50, 7.23-144.50 and 7.21-144.20 mg/L respectively, with a good linear relativity (r=0.999), the rate of recovery were 96.45%-100.09%, 98.45%-100.76%, 97.81%-100.14%, the detection limits of the three chemicals were 0.22, 0.24 and 0.24 mg/L respectively, RSD were 1.60%-2.85% . Conclusion The method is accurate, feasible and suitable for determination of the benzene, toluene, dimethylbenzene in the adhesives.

Objective To analyze the epidemiologic features of visceral leishmaniasis in different age groups in China from 2005 to 2012,and to provide a scientific basis for prevention and treatment of the disease.Methods The visceral leishmaniasis cases were obtained from China disease epidemic monitoring information system from 2005 to 2012.All the cases were divided into subgroups by demographic characteristics:infant (＜1 year old),childcare (≥1 and ＜4 years old),child (≥4 and ＜15 years old),adult (≥15 and ＜65 years old) and senior adult (above 65 years old).The epidemiologic features,such as gender,season of disease onset and area distribution of visceral leishmaniasis were analyzed.Results The total reported visceral leishmaniasis from 2005 to 2012 were 2 979,among which cases in infant,childcare,child,adult and senior adult were 24.9％,21.7％,20.0％,32.4％ and 1.0％,respectively.Infant cases were most reported in April; childcare cases in December which began to increase since September; child cases in October and adult and senior adult in March.The reported cases were mainly from Xinjiang,Gansu and Sichuan areas.However,age characteristics differed among regions,which were mainly infants,both childcare and children,and adults,respectively in this three areas.The duration from onset to diagnosis was shortest in infant group (11 d) and longer in adult group (15 d).Conclusions The number of visceral leishmaniasis cases in different age groups peaks in different months.Regional distribution is not even.Cases are most concentrated in Xinjiang,Gansu and Sichuan areas.Infants predominate in Xinjiang,childcare and children in Gansu and adults in Sichuan.

Objective To determine the prevalence of penicillinase-producing Neisseria gonorrhoeae(PPNG) and the distribution of blaTEM-135 gene variants in PPNG at several gonococcal antimicrobial surveillance sites in China, to compare N. gonorrhoeae multi-antigen sequence typing(NG-MAST)types of PPNG and its blaTEM-135 gene variants, and to assess the difference and association in NG-MAST types of blaTEM-135 gene variants among different regions. Methods A total of 572 N. gonorrhoeae isolates were collected at 6 gonococcal antimicrobial surveillance sites from Jiangsu, Shanghai, Zhejiang, Tianjin, Guangdong and Guangxi in 2012. After isolation, purification, and identification, cefalotin paper discs were used for detection of PPNG. DNA was extracted by QIAxtractor DX kits after cultivation of the PPNG strains. Then, mismatch amplification mutation assay (MAMA) PCR was performed to identify blaTEM-135 variants, and NG-MAST analysis to determine N. gonorrhoeae genotypes. Results Among the 572 N. gonorrhoeae strains, 38.1%(218/572) were identified as PPNG, and of the PPNG strains, 52.3% (114/218) were blaTEM-135 variants. The detection rate of PPNG at these surveillance sites from high to low was as follows: 51.7% (45/87, Zhejiang), 45.6%(36/79, Shanghai), 38.0% (78/205, Guangdong), 37.5% (12/32, Guangxi), 31.2% (24/77, Jiangsu) and 25.0%(23/92, Tianjin), and that of blaTEM-135 variants was as follows: 68.9%(31/45, Zhejiang), 58.3%(14/24, Jiangsu), 50.0%(39/78, Guangdong), 47.2%(17/36, Shanghai), 39.1%(9/23, Tianjin)and 33.3%(4/12, Guangxi). NG-MAST analysis showed that the ST2318, ST1768, ST1866, ST1053 and ST8726 types predominated among these bla TEM-135 variants, and a strong correlation was found between blaTEM-135 variants and some NG-MAST types, such as ST1768, ST1053 and ST8726 types. The distribution of NG-MAST types was significantly different between the surveillance site in Tianjin (in the Northern part of China) and the other sites (in the Southern part of China), but highly similar among the surveillance sites in Jiangsu, Zhejiang and Shanghai regions. Conclusions There is a high prevalence of PPNG and its blaTEM-135 variants at several gonococcal antimicrobial surveillance sites in China, with significant differences in NG-MAST genotype distribution of PPNG and its blaTEM-135 variants among different regions.

Background/Aims: To investigate postpartum hepatic flares and associated factors in highly viremic pregnant patients in the immune tolerance phase who adopted telbivudine (LdT) treatment in the last trimester to reduce vertical transmission of hepatitis B virus. Methods: Hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg)-positive, highly viremic pregnant women were recruited for this prospective study. Treatment with LdT was started from 28 weeks of gestation. Virological and biochemical markers were examined before LdT treatment, antepartum and postpartum. Serial blood samples at the same time were collected to detect cytokines and cortisol (COR). Results: Fifty-six of 153 patients (36.6%) had postpartum hepatic flares, defined as a 2-fold increase in alanine aminotransferase 6 weeks after delivery. Age and the antepartum alanine aminotransferase and postpartum HBeAg levels were independent influencing factors of postpartum hepatic flares. Cytokines showed no regularity during or after pregnancy. Compared with the patients with no postpartum flares, the patients with flares had lower baseline interferon γ and COR levels (p=0.022 and p=0.028) and higher postpartum interferon γ levels (p=0.026). Conclusions A high proportion of highly viremic and immune-tolerant pregnant patients treated with LdT in the last trimester had postpartum hepatic flares, which implied that these patients entered the immune clearance phase after delivery. Thus, this may create an appropriate opportunity for re-antiviral therapy.

Prevotella copri and its related taxa are widely detected in mammalian gut microbiomes and have been linked with an enterotype in humans.However,their microevolution and macroevolution among hosts are poorly characterized.In this study,extensively collected marker genes and genomes were analyzed to trace their evolutionary history,host specificity,and biogeographic distribution.Investigations based on marker genes and genomes suggest that a P.copri-containing lineage(PCL)harbors diverse species in higher primates.Firstly,P.copri in the human gut consisted of multiple groups exhibiting high genomic divergence and conspicuous but non-strict biogeographic patterns.Most African strains with high genomic divergence from other strains were phylogenetically located at the root of the species,indicating the co-evolutionary his-tory of P.copri and Homo sapiens.Secondly,although long-term co-evolution between PCL and higher primates was revealed,sporadic signals of co-speciation and extensive host jumping of PCL members were suggested among higher primates.Metagenomic and phylogenetic analyses indicated that P.copri and other PCL species found in domesticated mammals had been recently transmitted from humans.Thirdly,strong evidence was found on the extensively horizontal transfer of genes(e.g.,genes encoding carbohydrate-active enzymes)among sympatric P.copri groups and PCL species in the same primate host.Our study provides panoramic insights into the combined effects of vertical and horizontal transmission,as well as potential niche adaptation,on the microevolutionary and macroevolutionary history for an enterotype-representative lineage.

Objective:To investigate the effects of rifaximin treatment outcomes on complications and 24-week survival rate in cirrhotic patients with refractory type ascites.Methods:A retrospective cohort study was conducted on 62 cases with refractory ascites, and were divided into rifaximin treatment group (42 cases) and control group (20 cases) according to the actual treatment conditions. Rifaximin treatment group patients were administered oral rifaximin-α 200 mg four times daily for 24 consecutive weeks, and the other treatments were basically the same in both groups. Fasting body weight, ascites, complications and survival rate between the two groups were observed. Measurement data of the two groups using t-test, Mann-Whitney U test, and repeated measures analysis of variance were compared. χ2 test or Fisher's exact test were used to compare the enumeration data between the two groups. Kaplan-meier survival analysis was used to compare the survival rates. Results:At 24-week of rifaximin treatment, patients average body weight was reduced by 3.2 kg and the average ascites depth was reduced by 4.5 cm with B-ultrasound measurement, while in the control group at 24-week, the average body weight was reduced by 1.1 kg and the average ascites depth was reduced by 2.1 cm with B-ultrasound measurement, and the differences between the two groups were statistically significant ( F=4.972, P=0.035; F=5.288, P=0.027). Hepatic encephalopathy incidence of grade II or above, hospitalization rates due to exacerbation of ascites, and spontaneous bacterial peritonitis were significantly lower in the rifaximin treatment group than those in the control group (2.4% vs. 20.0%, χ2=5.295, P=0.021; 11.9% vs. 50.0%, χ2=10.221, P=0.001; 7.1% vs. 25.0%, χ2=3.844, P=0.050). The 24-week survival rate was 83.3% in the rifaximin treatment group and 60.0% in the control group, P=0.039. Conclusion:Rifaximin treatment can significantly improve ascites symptoms, reduce the incidence of cirrhosis complications and improve the 24-week survival rate in cirrhotic patients with refractory type ascites.

Objective To explore pathogen spectrum constitution of acute diarrhea in outpatient and emergency of Zhejiang Province, and provide basis for treatment, prevention and control of the disease. Methods During January 2009 to December 2014, we selected seven sentinel hospitals in different regions of Zhejiang, monitored and researched on pathogen spectrum in patients with acute diarrhea from outpatient and emergency. We recorded patients' personal basic information, the main symptoms and signs, and collected stool samples (5 g). Eight kinds of bacteria (Vibrio cholerae, Shigella spp., Salmonella spp., Diarrheagenic E. coli, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Aeromonas hydrophila, Yersinia enterocolitica and Plesiomonas shigelloides) and five kinds of viruses (Rotavirus, Norovirus, Sappovirus, Astrovirus and Adenovirus) were detected. Chi-square test and Fisher's exact probability method were used to compare different characteristics of patients with single bacterial infection, single virus infection and multiple infection (bacteria-bacteria, bacteria-viruses, virus-virus). Results During 2009 to 2014, 9 364 fecal
samples from acute diarrhea patients were collected and tested, among which 3 500 cases were tested positive, with total positive rate of 37.38%. Positive rates of bacteria and viruses were 13.14%(1 230 cases) and 20.75%(1 943 cases), respectively. Mixed infection positive rate of multiple pathogens was 3.49%(327 cases). Positive rate of Vibrio parahaemolyticus (5.96%, 558 cases) was the highest among bacterial pathogens, followed by pathogenic Escherichia coli (3.86%, 361 cases). Viruses were mainly Norovirus (10.73%, 1 005 cases) and rotavirus (8.35%, 782 cases). A big difference existed in diarrheogenic pathogen spectrum between patients less than 15 years old and patients equal or older than 15 years old. Pathogens for patients less than 15 years old were mainly virus, with the positive rate of 32.69%(1 014 cases). However, the positive rate of bacteria was 16.86% (1 056 cases) in patients equal or older than 15 years old. Single bacterial infection was highest in age group of 25-34 years old (18.62%, 302 cases) , single virus infection was highest in age group of 1-4 years old (41.12%, 435 cases) , and mixed infections of multiple pathogens were mainly existed in age group of 1-4 years old (7.37%, 78 cases) . Pathogen positive rate were increasing year by year. Pathogen positive rate of patients with acute diarrhea has obvious seasonality, with single bacterial infection being highest during July to September and single virus infection being highest during December to March. Pathogen spectrum of outpatient and emergency patients with acute diarrhea in Zhejiang Province changed a little from 2009 to 2014, mainly rotavirus (22.34% (782/3 500)), norovirus (28.71%(1 005/3 500)), vibrio parahaemolyticus (15.92%(558/3 500)) and Escherichia coli (10.31%(361/3 500)). However, pathogen spectrums in different years owned different features. Conclusion Common pathogens in outpatient and emergency patients with acute diarrhea in Zhejiang Province were tested with significant seasonal epidemic law. The composition of pathogenic spectrum was variant in different age group. Constitutes of major pathogen spectrum in different years differed a little.

Objective We planned to evaluate the effectiveness of moving epidemic method (MEM) in calculating influenza epidemic threshold of 7 climatic zones in China mainland. Methods The positive rate of influenza virus was obtained from the National Influenza Surveillance Network System from 2010/2011 to 2017/2018. We divided the 31 provinces into 7 climatic zones according to previous literatures and applied MEM to calculate the influenza epidemic threshold of 2018/2019 influenza season for these climatic zones. Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value were calculated to evaluate the effectiveness of MEM. Results Pre?epidemic threshold (the positive rate of influenza virus) varied from 9.66% (temperate zone) to 16.36% (subtropical zone) for 2018/2019 influenza season. The gap between pre?epidemic and post?epidemic thresholds was less than 5% except for plateau zone. The sensitivity was 86.16% (95CI: 66.81% - 98.23%), the specificity was 94.92% (95CI:91.13%-98.41%), the positive predictive value was 89.87% (95% CI : 84.39%-94.38%), the negative predictive value was 92.96% (95%CI: 84.46%-99.17%). Conclusion Overall, moving epidemic Method performs well in calculating influenza epidemic threshold in China, much better than the previous study.

Objective To systematically review the mortality burden study of influenza in mainland China. Method "influenza","flu","H1N1","pandemic","mortality","death","fatality","burden","China" and"Chinese" were used as keywords, and a systematic literature search was conducted to identify articles in three English databases (PubMed, Web of Science and Embase) and three Chinese database (CNKI, WanFang and VIP) during 1990-2018 (excluding Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan). The language of literature was restricted to Chinese and English. The inclusion criteria were human?oriented researches with method based on population, and research indexes included mortality and excess mortality. The exclusion criteria were non?primary research materials, predictive research and research on the burden of avian influenza related deaths. A total of 17 literatures were included, and the basic information to descriptive characteristics, methodology of modeling and the corresponding results were extracted. Results All the 17 studies adopted indirect statistical models, with 14 of which adopted the regression model, and all the research index was excess mortality. All causes (16 studies), respiratory and circulatory diseases (14 studies) and pneumonia and influenza (10 studies) were the main causes of death associated with influenza. Influenza associated mortality burden in the elderly was higher, with the lowest excess mortality rates of all causes, respiratory and circulatory diseases, pneumonia and influenza being 49.57, 30.80 and 0.69 per 100 000 people, and the highest rates being 228.16, 170.20 and 30.35 per 100 000 people, respectively. In the non?elderly, the corresponding lowest rates were-0.27,-0.08 and 0.04 per 100 000 people respectively, and the highest rates were 3.63, 2.6 and 0.91 per 100 000 people, respectively. The influenza?related excess mortality was higher in the north, with a minimum of 7.8 per 100 000 and a maximum of 18.0 per 100 000, and slightly lower in the south, with a minimum of 6.11 per 100 000 and a maximum of 18.7 per 100 000. There were also differences in deaths caused by different influenza virus subtypes, with influenza A(H3N2) and influenza B virus possibly posing a heavier mortality burden. Conclusions Studies on influenza mortality burden is mainly based on indirect model and urban level in China. The mortality burden of influenza in the elderly,the northern and subtype A(H3N2) and B were more severe.

Objective To explore pathogen spectrum constitution of acute diarrhea in outpatient and emergency of Zhejiang Province, and provide basis for treatment, prevention and control of the disease. Methods During January 2009 to December 2014, we selected seven sentinel hospitals in different regions of Zhejiang, monitored and researched on pathogen spectrum in patients with acute diarrhea from outpatient and emergency. We recorded patients' personal basic information, the main symptoms and signs, and collected stool samples (5 g). Eight kinds of bacteria (Vibrio cholerae, Shigella spp., Salmonella spp., Diarrheagenic E. coli, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Aeromonas hydrophila, Yersinia enterocolitica and Plesiomonas shigelloides) and five kinds of viruses (Rotavirus, Norovirus, Sappovirus, Astrovirus and Adenovirus) were detected. Chi-square test and Fisher's exact probability method were used to compare different characteristics of patients with single bacterial infection, single virus infection and multiple infection (bacteria-bacteria, bacteria-viruses, virus-virus). Results During 2009 to 2014, 9 364 fecal
samples from acute diarrhea patients were collected and tested, among which 3 500 cases were tested positive, with total positive rate of 37.38%. Positive rates of bacteria and viruses were 13.14%(1 230 cases) and 20.75%(1 943 cases), respectively. Mixed infection positive rate of multiple pathogens was 3.49%(327 cases). Positive rate of Vibrio parahaemolyticus (5.96%, 558 cases) was the highest among bacterial pathogens, followed by pathogenic Escherichia coli (3.86%, 361 cases). Viruses were mainly Norovirus (10.73%, 1 005 cases) and rotavirus (8.35%, 782 cases). A big difference existed in diarrheogenic pathogen spectrum between patients less than 15 years old and patients equal or older than 15 years old. Pathogens for patients less than 15 years old were mainly virus, with the positive rate of 32.69%(1 014 cases). However, the positive rate of bacteria was 16.86% (1 056 cases) in patients equal or older than 15 years old. Single bacterial infection was highest in age group of 25-34 years old (18.62%, 302 cases) , single virus infection was highest in age group of 1-4 years old (41.12%, 435 cases) , and mixed infections of multiple pathogens were mainly existed in age group of 1-4 years old (7.37%, 78 cases) . Pathogen positive rate were increasing year by year. Pathogen positive rate of patients with acute diarrhea has obvious seasonality, with single bacterial infection being highest during July to September and single virus infection being highest during December to March. Pathogen spectrum of outpatient and emergency patients with acute diarrhea in Zhejiang Province changed a little from 2009 to 2014, mainly rotavirus (22.34% (782/3 500)), norovirus (28.71%(1 005/3 500)), vibrio parahaemolyticus (15.92%(558/3 500)) and Escherichia coli (10.31%(361/3 500)). However, pathogen spectrums in different years owned different features. Conclusion Common pathogens in outpatient and emergency patients with acute diarrhea in Zhejiang Province were tested with significant seasonal epidemic law. The composition of pathogenic spectrum was variant in different age group. Constitutes of major pathogen spectrum in different years differed a little.