Objective:To investigate the mechanism of Porphyridium cruentum polysaccharides extract in reducing telangiectasis.Methods:Experiments were conducted between January 10, 2023, and April 18, 2023, at the Yunnan Characteristic Plant Extraction Laboratory. In vitro experiments were conducted to investigate the effect of different concentrations of Porphyridium cruentum polysaccharides extract (Porphyridium cruentum Pro) on tube formation and migration of microvascular endothelial cells, using tube formation assay and migration assay. In an in vivo experiment, a chick embryo chorioallantoic membrane assay was conducted to assess the impact of Porphyridium cruentum Pro on vasoconstriction. Finally, a western blot analysis was conducted to confirm the impact of Porphyridium cruentum Pro on increasing the protein level of endothelin-1 in microvascular endothelial cells.Results:When the concentration of Porphyridium cruentum Pro was below 1.0%, it did not significantly affect all the stages of tube formation and the migration ability of microvascular endothelial cells ( P>0.05). However, at a concentration of 3.0%, there was a noticeable effect on the collapse of the formed tubes. In comparison to the control group, some tubes started collapsing 24 hours post-treatment, despite the lack of statistical significance in the analysis. After 48 hours of treatment, all the tubes collapsed, as evidenced by a significant decrease in the number of tubes ( t=9.02, P<0.05) and total tube length ( t=10.89, P<0.05) per field. The migration assay study revealed that at a concentration of 3%, there was observed cell detachment and atrophy, while the cell migration capacity of microvascular endothelial cells remained relatively unchanged. When treated with a 3.0% concentration of Porphyridium cruentum Pro for 30 minutes, a noteble vasoconstriction was observed in the blood vessels of the chick embryo chorioallantoic membrane. Moreover, after a 24-hour treatment with 0.3% Porphyridium cruentum Pro, there was an elevation in endothelin-1 protein expression level in microvascular endothelial cells. Conclusions:The observed function of Porphyridium cruentum Pro in reducing telangiectasis may associated to its ability to enhance the expression of endothelin-1 in vascular endothelial cells, which in turn promotes the vasoconstriction. Meanwhile, the angiogenesis is not significantly affected by Porphyridium cruentum Pro.

Objective:To evaluate direct and indirect costs for schizophrenia,major depressive disorder(MDD)and bipolar disorder,and to compare their differences of cost composition,and to explore the drivers of the total costs.Methods:A total of 3 175 inpatients with schizophrenia,MDD,and bipolar disorder were recruited.In-patient's self-report total direct of medical costs outpatient and inpatient,out-of-pocket costs,and direct non-medical costs were regarded as direct costs.Productivity loss and other loss caused by damaging properties were defined as indirect costs.The perspectives of this study included individual and societal levels.Multivariate regression analysis was applied for detecting the factors influencing disease costs.Results:The total cost of schizophrenia was higher than those of MDD and bipolar disorder at individual and societal levels.The indirect costs of three mental disorders were higher than the direct costs,and the indirect cost ratio of bipolar disorder was higher than those of schizophre-nia and MDD.Age,gender,working condition and marital status(P＜0.05)were the important drivers of total costs.Conclusion:The economic burden of the three mental disorders is relatively heavy.Schizophrenia has heaviest disease burden,and the productivity loss due to mental disorders is the driving force of the soaring disease cost

Objective:To compare demographic characteristics,clinical characteristics,therapeutic characteris-tics and physiological indicators of patients with bipolar Ⅰ disorder and bipolar Ⅱ disorder.Methods:A total of 381 patients with bipolar disorder(BD)diagnosed by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 5 th Edi-tion(DSM-5)were selected,including 302 patients with BD-Ⅰ(79.27％),74 patients with BD-Ⅱ(19.42％)and 5 patients with other specific and related disorders(1.31％).Demographic and clinical characteristics were collected with self-designed clinical information questionnaire.Multivariate logistic regression and multivariate linear regres-sion analysis were used for analysis.Results:Compared with patients with BD-Ⅱ,patients with BD-Ⅰ had more risk to have psychotic features(OR=5.75,95％CI:2.82-11.76),longer disease duration,and more repeated transcra-nial magnetic therapy(OR=3.09,95％CI:1.02-9.35),higher uric acid,total cholesterol and high-density lipo-protein.BD-Ⅰ in Han nationality was more common(OR=11.50,95％CI:1.76-75.30),and had lower education level(OR=10.22,95％CI:1.16-89.77),and less family history of psychosis(OR=2.34,95％CI:1.01-5.42).Conclusion:There are significant differences between BD-Ⅰ and BD-Ⅱ in demographic and clinical charac-teristics,treatment status,and physiological indicators,which could provide clues for exploring the pathogenesis of bipolar disorder.