Bidirectional evaluation method is established for Standardized management of instructing & teaching of Radiology Technology. Four-year experience shows that it does good to the improvement of the teacher and the student.

The cultivation of clinical skills is essential for graduate education in modern ophthalmology. In order to improve the quality of graduate education and cultivate qualified ophthalmologist, postgraduates should be trained of specific purpose, coordinate the relationship between project research and clinical work, a complete clinical training system and quality control system should be established and the construction of the tutor team should also be strengthened.

Objective To explore the effects of exogenous methionine on arsenical distribution in liver,blood and brain of mice exposed to sodium arsenite through drinking water. Methods The female Kunming mice were randomly divided into control group, the alone arsenic exposure group , the low level methionine intervention group, the moderate level methionine intervention group and the high level methionine intervention group, eight mice in each group . The mice in the experimental groups were exposed to sodium arsenite through drinking water at 50 mg/L arsenic for four consecutive weeks. And at the fourth week the 5 groups were treated intraperitoneally with saline solution (control and As group),100 mg/kg b.w,200 mg/kg b.w or 400 mg/kg b.w methionine,respectively . Twenty-four hours after cessation of methionine administration,mice were anaesthetized and rapidly dissected. The samples of blood,liver and brain were removed immediately for arsenic species analysis. Levels of inorganic arsenic (iAs),monomethylarsonic acid (MMA) and dimethylarsenic acid (DMA) were determined by HG-AAS method. Then total arsenic speciation( TAs), primary methylation ratio( PMR)and secondary methylation ratio( SMR)in each tissue were calculated. Results Compared with the control group, the levels of iAs, MMA, DMA and TAs in liver, brain and blood, were significantly higher in all experimental groups ( P

Objective To investigate the clinical characteristics and prognosis of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) complicated with acute pancreatitis (AP) .Methods From January 1999 to December 2013 ,the clinical data of 16 patients with SLE complicated with AP among the total 2 526 cases of SLE was collected .A retrospective analysis was performed and the clinical data of patients was classified and documented ,which included general information ,past history ,clinical symptoms , laboratory findings ,imaging findings ,treatment and outcome .The rank sum test was performed for analysis of non‐normal distributed measurement data ,and the Fisher′s exact test was used for count data analysis .Results The incidence of SLE complicated with AP was 0 .63% (16/2 526) .Among them ,ten patients were mild acute pancreatitis (MAP) and six patients were severe acute pancreatitis (SAP) .All patients were treated with fasting ,gastrointestinal decompression ,nutritional support ,anti‐acid ,anti‐inflammatory ,glucocorticoid and somatostatin and so on . Six patients were cured , seven patients improved and three patients died (two SLE complicated with SAP ,one SLE complicated with MAP) . Compared with the SLE patients complicated with SAP ,the SLE patients complicated with MAP were more easily to have lupus nephritis(6/6 versus 5/10 ,Fisher′s exact test) ,hematological system injuries (6/6 versus 5/10 ,Fisher′s exact test) ,liver injuries (5/6 versus 0/10 ,Fisher′s exact test) ,more organs involved (mean 7 versus 3 ,Z= -3 .225) and higher SLE disease active indexes (DAI) score (mean 13 .5 versus 6 .5 ,Z= -2 .876);the differences were statistically significant (all P<0 .05) .Compared with the cured and improved SLE patients complicated with AP ,lupus encephalopathy (2/3 versus 1/13 ,Fisher′s exact test) ,more organs involved (mean 7 versus 5 ,Z= -2 .276) and higher SLE DAI score (mean 21 versus 12 ,Z= -2 .195) was more common in dead SLE patients complicated with AP;the differences were statistically significant (all P< 0 .05) .Conclusions SLE patients complicated with SAP are more easily to get lupus nephritis ,hematological system injuries ,liver injuries ,activity of SLE and multiple‐organ systems involved . The prognosis of SLE patients complicated with AP was poor in those with activity of SLE ,multiple‐organ involved and lupus encephalopathy .

AIM: To examine COX-2 expression in esophageal carcinoma,and to study relationships between COX-2 expression and clinicopathological features and prognosis of esophageal carcinoma patients.METHODS: 89 paraffin-embedded tissue samples from patients with esophageal carcinoma were collected,its clinicopathological features such as tumour differentiation,depth of invasion,length and site of the tumor,regional lymph node metastases,distant metastasis were recorded.Survival time of 81 cases were also recorded.By SP immunohistochemistry method,the expression of COX-2 in tumor samples was examined.RESULTS: COX-2 expression in esophageal carcinoma was markedly higher than that in nomal esophagus,the expression was higher in less differentiated and deeper invaded cases(P0.05).Cases of esophageal carcinoma with lower COX-2 expression had longer survival time than those with higher COX-2 expression(P

Archives ; Humans ; Occupational Health

Adolescent ; Child ; Female ; Humans ; Parotid Diseases ; pathology ; Parotid Gland ; pathology ; Recurrence

Objective To investigate the effect of atorvastatin calcium combined with sitagliptin phosphate on β2-microglobulin (β2-MG ) in peripheral blood and serum uric acid ( UA) levels in patients with type 2 diabetes.Methods A total of 78 patients with type 2 diabetes in endocrinology department from Hangzhou Xiasha Hospital were collected and randomly divided into the control group and the experimental group, with 39 cases in each group.The two groups of patients were treated by conventional treatment, life intervention, the control group were treated by metformin hydrochloride sustained-release tablet and sitagliptin phosphate, the experimental group were treated on the basis of control group with atorvastatin calcium.Both groups were treated for 3 cycles, one cycle for 7 days.The clinical curative effect,β2-MG in peripheral blood and urine, serum UA levels and adverse reactions were compared between two groups after treatment.Results After treatment, compared with control group, the clinical total effective rate in experimental group was higher (P<0.05).The serum IgG,β2-MG, urineβ2-MG and UAlb, serum UA levels were lower in two groups post-treatment compared with pre-treatment(P<0.05).Compared with control group, serum IgG, β2-MG, urine β2-MG and UAlb, serum UA levels were lower (P<0.05).There was no significant difference between two groups.Conclusion The atorvastatin calcium combined with sitagliptin phosphate has a significant efficacy in the treatment of patients with type 2 diabetes, it could down-regulate β2-MG in peripheral blood and urine and serum UA levels, improve immunity and prevent patients from cardiovascular complications.

Objective: To prepare sustained-release polylactic acid microspheres containing bupivacaine (BUP-PLA-MS) and to measure its dissolution in vitro. Methods: BUP-PLA-MS was prepared with polylactic acid (PLA) as carriers using the water-in-oil-in-water (W/O/W) emulsion solvent evaporation method. The powder particle characteristics of BUP-PLA-MS were evaluated comprehensively, and its dissolution characteristics in vitro were studied. Results: It was indicated that bupivacaine formed molecular dispersion within PLA matrix by differential thermal analysis(DTA). The in vitro release behavior of bupivacaine could be best described by Higuchi equation, with t 1/2 =22.76 h. Conclusion: Release of bupivacaine from microspheres is sustained in vitro.

With the development of natural products, the research activities on the solubilization methods of water-insoluble natural products have been carried out worldwide. Big molecular weight and poor solubility of most natural active ingredients lead to a very poor oral absorption and low bioavailability, which has extremely limited their development in pharmaceutical fields and clinical application. As a result, it is necessary to find out a suitable technique to improve the solubility and enhance the oral bioavailability of insoluble natural drugs. Based on the related references published in these years, this review introduced some new techniques to improve the solubility and bioavailability of natural drugs, including prodrugs, inclusion complex, solid dispersion, cocrystals, osmotic pump, liquisolid compacts, micronization, self-microemulsifying, nanosuspensions, lipsomes, polymeric micelles and so on, and summarized the theory, characteristics, application range, application examples, problems and development direction of each technique.
Administration, Oral ; Biological Availability ; Biological Products ; administration & dosage ; chemistry ; pharmacokinetics ; Chemistry, Pharmaceutical ; methods ; trends ; Solubility ; Technology, Pharmaceutical ; methods ; trends ; Water