This study seeks to explore the early signs of cognitive impairment in patients with obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome (OSAHS). According to polysomnography, twenty patients diagnosed with OSAHS and twenty normal controls underwent event-related potential (ERP) examination including mismatch negativity (MMN) and P300. Compared with normal controls, OSAHS patients showed significantly prolonged latency of MMN and P300 at Cz. After controlling age and body mass index (BMI), MMN latency positively correlated with apnea hypopnea index (AHI), oxygen reduction index, stage N1 sleep and arousal index, while MMN latency negatively correlated with stage N3 sleep and mean blood oxygen saturation; and P300 latency positively related to AHI and oxygen reduction index; no relationships were found among MMN latency, MMN amplitude, P300 latency and P300 amplitude. These results suggest that the brain function of automatic processing and controlled processing aere impaired in OSAHS patients, and these dysfunction are correlated with nocturnal repeatedly hypoxemia and sleep structure disturbance.
Case-Control Studies ; Cognition Disorders ; complications ; physiopathology ; Event-Related Potentials, P300 ; Humans ; Hypoxia ; physiopathology ; Oximetry ; Polysomnography ; Sleep Apnea, Obstructive ; complications ; physiopathology ; Sleep Stages

OBJECTIVETo study the correlation between syndrome differ classification of knee osteoarthritis and X-ray image, so as to provide evidence for clinical diagnosis and treatment.

METHODSFrom Jun. 2007 to Dec. 2007, 78 patients (108 knees) with knee osteoarthritis were reviewed, including 65 females (89 knees) and 13 males (19 knees), ranging in age from 41 to 77 years. According to the standards for the differentiation of syndrome in the treatment of knee osteoarthritis defined in Principle of Clinical Research for New Traditional Herbs, the patients were divided into three types: Type I, insufficiency of the liver and kidney, with stagnation of tendons and muscles, 43 knees; Type II, insufficiency of the spleen and kidney, with dampness infusion into bone and joints, 26 knees; Type I, deficiency of the liver and kidney, with inter-obstruction of phlegm and stasis 39 knees. Normotopia and lateral plain film of knee joint of weigh loading and in erect position, and patellofemoral Skyline plain flim was taken. Joint space narrow, osteophyte generation, subchondral osteosclerosis and subchondral cystic degeneration were evaluated. All data were analyzed by K independent samples nonparametric test in order to find out the correlation between syndrome differ classification of knee osteoarthritis and X-ray image.

RESULTSIt was shown that after K independent samples nonparametric test about syndrome differ classification of knee osteoarthritis and X-ray image: there were significant differences among three types about lateral patella osteophyte, condyles of tibia osteophyte and Type II was the most serious, Type I was secondary, Type II was the lightest. Other index had no obvious difference among the three groups.

CONCLUSIONThere is certain correlation between syndrome differ classification of knee osteoarthritis and X-ray image. There are significant differences among three types about lateral patella osteophyte, condyles of tibia osteophyte, the Type II is the most serious,Type I is secondary, Type II is the lightest. Consequently, it can be deduced that worse osteophyte is one of accordances of Type II-insufficiency of the spleen and kidney, with dampness infusion into bone and joints. And, the Type II is more serious stage in radiologic manifestation.

Adult ; Aged ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Medicine, Chinese Traditional ; Middle Aged ; Osteoarthritis, Knee ; classification ; diagnosis ; diagnostic imaging ; Radiography

Objective To establish the data including anatomy and histology of main organs in Rongshui miniature pig (RMP).Methods F1 Rongshui miniature pigs with male and female (2 in each group) in 6 month old were used in this experiment.We measured body weights, dissected these pigs after anaesthesia, recorded total blood volume, total plasma volume, number of spine and dental formula, took main organs for photographs, and made histological sections observed and took photographs by microscope.Results We gained the photographs of main organs and histological sections, organ weights,organic coefficients and other basic data.Conclusion Basic anatomy and histology data of main organs in RMP were collected.

Objective To detect the blood parameter, blood biochemical and electrolyte indices of the F1 generation of Rongshui miniature pig ( RMP) .Methods The blood of 43 female and 42 male RMPs of 4 th month old, and 36 RMPs of 12th month old ( half male and female) were extracted from jugular vein.And the blood parameter, blood biochemical and electrolyte indices were detected by blood analyzer and automatic biochemical analyzer.Results In the same month-old RMP, no significant difference between male and female were found in most indices of blood parameter, blood biochemical and electrolyte indices.On the other hand, many indices were difference between 4th month old and 12th month old RMPs of same gender.Compared with the 4th month old RMP, the 12th month old RMP decreased significantly in WBC and PLT, increased in HGB ( P <0.05 ) while RBC was the same ( P >0.05 ) .Serum ALT, AST, ALP, CK (male), LDH(male), A/G, BUN, GLU (female), CHOL (male) and K+decreased significantly (P <0.05), while serum TP, TBIL, CR and Ca2+increased significantly (P <0.05),but serum CHOL, TG, HDL-C and LDL-C were not different.86.4%(19/22) biochemical and electrolyte indices in RMP were in/or close to the range of normal value of human.Conclusion Most of the blood parameter, blood biochemical and electrolyte indices of RMP were close to human’ s normal value.

This study is to observe the effect of salvianolic acid B (Sal B) on neural cells damage and neurogenesis in sub-granular zone (SGZ) and sub-ventricular zone (SVZ) after brain ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) in rats. A modified middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) model of focal cerebral ischemia-reperfusion was used. The rats were divided into four groups: sham control group, ischemia-reperfusion group, Sal B 1 and 10 mg x kg(-1) groups. Sal B was consecutively administrated once a day by ip injection after MCAO. The neurogenesis in SGZ and SVZ was investigated by BrdU method 7 days after MCAO. The Nissl staining for neurons in the hippocampal CA1 and cerebral cortex was performed 14 days after MCAO. A beam-walking test was used to monitor the motor function recovery. We found that brain ischemia resulted in an increase of BrdU positive cells both in ipsilateral SGZ and SVZ at 7th day after MCAO. Sal B (10 mg x kg(-1)) significantly increased further the number of BrdU positive cells both in SGZ and SVZ (P < 0.01). Ipsilateral hippocampal neuron damage occurred and CA1 almost lost 14 days after MCAO. Sal B (10 mg x kg(-1)) obviously attenuated the neuron damage and increased the number of neuron both in ipsilateral CA1 and cerebral cortex (P < 0.01). We also observed an obvious improvement of motor function recovery when Sal B (10 mg x kg(-1)) administrated. From the results above we concluded that Sal B stimulated neurogenesis process both in SGZ and SVZ after brain ischemia, and also alleviated neural cells loss and improved motor function recovery after brain ischemia in rats.
Animals ; Benzofurans ; isolation & purification ; pharmacology ; Cell Count ; Cerebral Cortex ; pathology ; Cerebral Ventricles ; pathology ; Dentate Gyrus ; pathology ; Hippocampus ; pathology ; Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery ; complications ; Male ; Motor Activity ; drug effects ; Neurogenesis ; drug effects ; Neurons ; drug effects ; pathology ; Plants, Medicinal ; chemistry ; Random Allocation ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Reperfusion Injury ; etiology ; pathology ; physiopathology ; Salvia miltiorrhiza ; chemistry

OBJECTIVESTo investigate the neuroprotective function of alpha 3 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) by inhibiting the gene expression in human neuroblastoma (SH-SY5Y) cells using small interference RNA (siRNA).

METHODSThe siRNA coding oligonucleotide sequences targeting alpha 3 nAChR were designed and synthesized. The annealed product was cloned into pSilencer 3.1-H1 neo vector. The recombinant alpha 3 nAChR pSilencer 3.1-H1 neo vector was transfected into the SH-SY5Y cells. The stable clones were screened by G418 medium, and the levels of alpha 3 nAChR mRNA and protein were monitored by using real-time PCR and Western blotting, respectively. After the SH-SY5Y cells with siRNA treatment were exposed to 1 micromol/L Abeta(1-42), MTT [3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide], SOD, GSH-px and the lipid peroxidation were measured by spectrophotometry.

RESULTSCompared with the controls, the expression levels of mRNA and protein in the stable SH-SY5Y clone cells transfected with the recombinant alpha 3 nAChR pSilencer 3.1-H1 neo vector were decreased with inhibitory efficiency of 98% and 66%, respectively, the MTT reduction decreased; the product of lipid peroxidation was increased and the activities of SOD and GSH-px were decreased. Biologically, the gene expression inhibition of alpha 3 nAChR enhanced the toxicity induced by Abeta in SH-SY5Y cells.

CONCLUSIONSThe expression inhibition of alpha 3 nAChR as a result of recombinant alpha 3 nAChR siRNA can induce oxidative stress and improve the toxicity of Abeta on SH-SY5Y cells, indicating that alpha 3 nAChR may play a significant neuroprotective role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer disease.

Amyloid beta-Peptides ; pharmacology ; Cell Line, Tumor ; Cell Membrane ; drug effects ; Gene Expression Regulation ; drug effects ; Humans ; Neuroblastoma ; pathology ; Oxidation-Reduction ; drug effects ; Peptide Fragments ; pharmacology ; RNA Interference ; immunology ; RNA, Small Interfering ; pharmacology ; Receptors, Nicotinic ; drug effects ; genetics ; metabolism ; Superoxide Dismutase ; antagonists & inhibitors ; genetics ; metabolism

With rapid and efficient drug release, few side effects and excellent biodegradable properties, the reduction-sensitive carriers is not only the new hot point in the field of pharmaceutical research, but also the most promising intelligent drug carrier on clinical application. This paper reviews the latest research of reduction-sensitive drug and gene carriers, including the mechanisms of drug release and the synthesis of the reduction-sensitive conjugates, reduction-sensitive nano polymer micelles, nano vesicles, nano hollow microspheres, nano liposomes, as well as the characteristics and advantages of various kinds of carrier system. It will provide a theoretical basis for its further application.
Drug Carriers ; administration & dosage ; chemistry ; Micelles ; Microspheres ; Nanoparticles ; Oxidation-Reduction ; Pharmaceutical Preparations ; administration & dosage ; chemistry ; Polymers ; chemistry ; Sensitivity and Specificity

OBJECTIVETo investigate the influence of APP(SWE) on the expression of neuronal acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) and its relationship with Alzheimer's disease (AD).

METHODSAPP(SWE), carried the Swedish family AD double mutants, were transfected into SH-SY5Y cells and primary cultured neurons from rat brains to build a cellular model of AD. The mRNA levels of APP and nAChRs, and the protein levels of total APP, αAPPs and nAChRs in the cultured cells were measured using real-time PCR and Western blot, respectively. The numbers of α3 nAChR were determined by receptor-[³H]epibatidine binding assay.

RESULTSIncreased expressions of Swedish 670/671 APP at mRNA and protein levels, and down-regulation of αAPPs were observed in both of the cultured neuronal cells transfected with APP(SWE). A significant increase of α7 nAChR expression at protein and mRNA levels was detected in the APP(SWE) transfected SH-SY5Y cells. On the other hand, after transfection with APP(SWE), the expressions of α3 nAChR at protein and mRNA levels in SH-SY5Y cells, and α4 nAChR at mRNA level in primary cultured neurons were inhibited. In addition, the numbers of receptor binding sites were deceased in SH-SY5Y cells overexpressing with APP(SWE).

CONCLUSIONOverexpression of APP(SWE) can decrease αAPPs and modify nAChRs by increasing expression of α7 nAChR and decreasing α3 and α4 nAChRs, which might play an important role in the pathogenesis of AD.

Alzheimer Disease ; genetics ; Amyloid Precursor Protein Secretases ; secretion ; Amyloid beta-Protein Precursor ; genetics ; metabolism ; physiology ; Animals ; Brain Neoplasms ; metabolism ; pathology ; Cell Line, Tumor ; Cells, Cultured ; Cerebral Cortex ; cytology ; metabolism ; Down-Regulation ; Humans ; Neuroblastoma ; metabolism ; pathology ; Neurons ; cytology ; metabolism ; Plasmids ; RNA, Messenger ; metabolism ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Receptors, Nicotinic ; genetics ; metabolism ; Transfection ; alpha7 Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor

OBJECTIVETo investigate the correlation between power Doppler vascularity index (PDVI) and microvessel density (MVD) and evaluate the angiogenesis in high-grade gliomas and the adjacent edema in patients with glioma using intraoperative power Doppler ultrasound (PDUS) during gross total resection.

METHODSIn 25 cases of high-grade gliomas undergoing gross total tumor resections, PDUS was performed intraoperatively and the regions of interest within the tumor and the adjacent edema were analyzed with Photoshop software to measure the tumoral and peritumoral blood flow quantified as PDVI. The tumoral and adjacent MVD were determined using immunohistochemical staining for CD34. The correlation between PDVI in the gliomas and the adjacent edema and MVD in the corresponding areas were analyzed using Spearman correlation test.

RESULTSThe measurement of both PVDI and MVD revealed significant difference in vascularity between the gliomas and the adjacent edema (t=0.000, P<0.01), and PDVI was positively correlated to MVD measurement (r=0.7248 in the tumors and r=0.6608 in the adjacent edema).

CONCLUSIONSThe difference in the vascularity between the tumor and adjacent edema allows their distinction by PDUS during operation for high-grade glioma. Intraoperative PDUS provides an accurate and reliable means for measuring vascularity in the glioma and the adjacent edema tissue.

Adult ; Brain Edema ; diagnostic imaging ; etiology ; Brain Neoplasms ; blood supply ; complications ; diagnostic imaging ; Echocardiography, Doppler ; methods ; Female ; Glioblastoma ; blood supply ; complications ; diagnostic imaging ; Humans ; Intraoperative Period ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Neovascularization, Pathologic ; diagnostic imaging

Objective To investigate the effects of pioglitazone on glucose metabolism,circulating resistin and adiponectin concentrations,and tissue resistin levels in rats with insulin resistance induced by free fatty acid (FFA).Methods A hyperinsulinaemic-euglycaemic clamp and[3-~3H]-glucose tracing technique were used in awake rats.Insulin-mediated peripheral and hepatic glucose metabolism,plasma resistin and adipenectin levels, resistin levels in tissues were assessed by hyperinsulinaemic-euglycaemic clamp with elevation of FFA by lipid infusion over 4 h in rats pretreated with or without pioglitazone.Results During steady-state of clamp,there was a significant increase in plasma FFA in lipid-infused group(L group)and pioglitazone-pretreated lipid-infused group(P/L group)compared to control rats(P＜0.01).The glucose infusion rate(GIR)in P/L group was significantly reduced as compared with controls[(20.6?0.9 vs 33.6?1.5)mg?kg~(-1)?min~(-1),P＜0.01], whereas the GIR was lower in L group than in P/L group[(12.6?0.8 vs 20.6?0.9)mg?kg~(-1)?min~(-1),P＜0.01].As compared with baseline,the hepatic glucose production(HGP)was significantly suppressed by 85% [(18.3?2.1 vs 2.7+2.4)mg?kg~(-1)?min~(-1) and (17.5?2.6 vs 2.6?1.0)mg?kg~(-1)?min~(-1),both P＜0.01]during the hyperinsulinaemic clamp in control and P/L groups.The suppressive effect of insulin on HGP was significantly blunted in L group[(17.3?2.1 vs 15.8?1.5]mg?kg~(-1)?min~(-1)].The rate of glucose disappearance(G_(Rd))was reduced in L group and P/L group compared with controls(P＜0.01).Baseline plasma resistin level was lower in P/L group than that in the controls[(7.8?1.3 vs 29.1?3.1)?g/L,P＜0.01].After lipid infusion,plasma resistin levels significantly increased in P/L group,but remained lower than that of L group [(18.1?3.8 vs 47.0?2.2)?g/L,P＜0.01].Baseline adiponectin level was higher in P/L group than those in the controls and L groups[(3.9?0.2 vs 2.8?0.1 and 2.6?0.2)mg/L,P＜0.01].After clamp,plasma adiponectin levels were decreased in L group and L/P group compared with baseline(both P＜0.05).In addition, the resistin level in the liver of P/L group decreased compared with the controls and L groups(both P＜0.05), whereas significantly increased in the muscle of L group.Conclusion Lipid infusion induces an acute insulin- resistance in vivo.Pioglitazone pretreatment partly prevents FFA-induced insulin resistance possibly by changing resistin and adiponectin levels.