A set of central composite design experiments were designed by using four factors which were ethanol amount, ethanol concentration, refrigeration temperature and refrigeration time. The relation between these factors with the target variables of the retention rate of schizandrol A, the soluble solids content, the removal rate of fructose and the removal rate of glucose were analyzed with Bayesian networks, and ethanol amount and ethanol concentration were found as the critical process parameters. Then a network model was built with 2 inputs and 4 outputs using back propagation artificial neural networks which was optimized by genetic algorithms. The R2 and MSE from the training set were 0.983 8 and 0.001 1. The R2 and MSE from the test set were 0.975 9 and 0.001 8. The results showed that network analysis method could be used for modeling of Schisandrae Chinensis Fructus ethanol precipitation process and identify critical operating parameters.
Bayes Theorem ; Chemical Precipitation ; Cold Temperature ; Cyclooctanes ; chemistry ; Ethanol ; chemistry ; Fructose ; analysis ; Fruit ; chemistry ; Glucose ; analysis ; Lignans ; chemistry ; Neural Networks (Computer) ; Polycyclic Compounds ; chemistry ; Reproducibility of Results ; Schisandra ; chemistry ; Time Factors

It is the objective of this study to optimize the extraction process of red ginseng to minimize the unit cost of extracting effective ingredients. The relation between the target variables of total quantity of ginsenosides and first extraction time, first extraction solution amount, second extraction time, second extract solution amount were studied with Box-Behnken experimental design method. At the same we also considered the cost of extraction solution and energy usage. The objective function was set as unit cost of target (total quantity of ginsenosides or its purity) for the multi-objective optimization of extraction process. As a result, the optimal process parameters were found as first extraction time (108.7 min), first extraction solution amount folds (12), second extraction time (30 min), second extraction solution amount folds (8) to minimize the unit cost. It indicated that this approach could potentially be used to optimize industrial extraction process for manufacturing Chinese medicine.
Chemistry, Pharmaceutical ; economics ; methods ; Cost Control ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; analysis ; economics ; isolation & purification ; Panax ; chemistry

It is the objective of this study to develop dynamic predictive model for the extraction process of red Ginseng using NIR spectroscopy. NIR spectroscopy was collected online and PLSR models were developed for total quantity of ginsenosides. The performance of NIR prediction model achieved R, RMSEC, RMSEP of 0.996 09, 0.018 9, 0.016 8, respectively. A first order dynamic mass transfer model was combined with NIR prediction of the quality indicator to predict the trajectory of the extraction process based upon the initial 3 or 4 data points. The results showed good agreement with actual measurements indicating reasonable accuracy of the predictive model. It could potentially be used for advanced predictive control of the extraction process.
Chemical Fractionation ; methods ; Ginsenosides ; chemistry ; isolation & purification ; Models, Theoretical ; Panax ; chemistry ; Spectroscopy, Near-Infrared

Objective: The aim of this paper is to identify the basic organizational structure and the key elements of integrated healthcare model of patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) and propose an appropriate development strategy.Methods: Based on the literature review of research articles about integrated care on patients with COPD, an analysis was conducted with the help of the Chronic Care Model (CCM) which is a chronic disease management model.Results: From of a total 16 articles about 13 case studies were found.An integrated healthcare of COPD was carried out in 10 hospital-based or community-based care programs.Most of the patients were the elderly and health status were moderately severe or more severe.The components of healthcare programs varied from 4 to 12 included at least two CCM dimension.A coordinator or a case manager was appointed in all healthcare programs and a follow-up plan was made as well.Decision making was supported by clinic guideline and specialist resource in 9 integrated healthcare programs which community facilities involved.All programs included self-management with health education and individualized behavioral support was in 10 programs.The action plan was applied in 8 studies.8 studies using a clinical information system connected health care provider and patients.Conclusions: COPD integrated care program can be constructed according to the management model of chronic disease, and it is suggested that we can organize the COPD integrated care program based on CCM and the program comprises 4 organizational components of at least two CCM dimensions.The key elements of COPD integrated healthcare are to appoint a coordinator, to make a follow-up plan, and the necessity of community participation to support decision making, support self-management by education and individualized behavioral management with an action plan.

Objective To investigate the genotype distribution of extended-spectrum?-lactamases(ESBLs) and AmpC?-lacta- mases produced by Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae in 10 teaching hospitals of China.Methods 90 clinical strains of E.coli and 61 strains of K.pneumoniae isolated in 2003 and confirmed to produce ESBLs were collected from 10 teaching hos- pitals in China.Analytical isoelectric focusing was used to measure the pI of the?-lactamases.Conjugation experiment was used to study the transfer of cefoxitin resistance.Plasmid-mediated AmpC enzyme genes were amplified and sequenced by multiplex polymerase chain reaction (MPCR).Results The prevalence of ESBL-producing E.coli and K.pneumoniae was about 50% in Wuhan,Nanjing and Jinan.The prevalence of ESBL-producing E.coli was lower than K.pneumoniae in Beijing.However,in other hospitals the prevalence of ESBL-producing E.coli was a little higher than K.pneumoniae.About 24.4% of ESBL-pro- ducing E.coli isolates and 19.4% of ESBL-producing K.pneumoniae isolates were resistant to cefoxitin.Cefoxitin-resistant i solate was identified in all hospitals except Shenyang.Major genotype of ESBL-producing isolates was CTX-M.The CTX-M-9 group was the most common group,followed by CTX-M-1.More K.pneumoniae isolates produced both ESBLs and AmpC en- zyme than E.coli.The genotype was CTX-M/DHA-1.The PCR results of 3 transconjugants producing both ESBLs and AmpC enzyme were the same as their donor isolates.Conclusions The genotype of ESBL-producing isolates is mainly CTX-M-9 group in these teaching hospitals.More K.pneumoniae isolates produced both ESBLs and AmpC enzyme than E.coli.Most of these isolates are due to geno type CTX-M/DHA-1,which can spread through plasmid.

Objective To detect anti-M_2 autoantibody using recombinant BCOADC-E_2.Methods We purified recombinant BCOADC-E_2 by Ni~(2+)affinity chromatography column and then detect anti-M_2 autoan- tibody in the sera of patients with primary biliary cirrhosis(PBC)by Western blot test(WBT)and enzyme linked immunosorbent assays(ELISA).Results Among 60 sera from PBC patients,33 were positive,all of controls were negative.Conclusion The recombinant BCOADC-E_2 can be used to detect anti-M_2 autoanti- body specifically and sensitively.It is helpful for the diagnosis of PBC.

Six out of 20 patients undergoing a major ABO-incompatible allogeneic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT) developed pure red cell aplasia (PRCA), which did not show any effects on granulocyte and platelet engraftment, and incidence of grade II-IV aGVHD. All the 6 cases of PRCA were in blood group O recipients of grafts from blood group A donors (n = 5) or blood group B donor (n = 1), suggesting that donor/recipient pair (A/O) is associated with a high risk of PRCA after major ABO-incompatible allo-HSCT. Erythroid engraftment occurred spontaneously in four cases without specific intervention other than the RBC transfusion, which coincided with the decrease of isoagglutinin titers below 8, and the remaining 2 patients with prolonged erythroid aplasia( > 300 days) despite therapy with erythropoietin (EPO) were successfully treated by plasma exchange with donor-type plasma replacement. Cyclosporine did not appear to have played any role in causing PRCA in our patients, however, the occurrence of GVHD may facilitate the recovery of erythropoiesis.
ABO Blood-Group System ; Adolescent ; Adult ; Cyclosporine ; therapeutic use ; Erythrocytes ; pathology ; Erythropoiesis ; Female ; Graft vs Host Disease ; prevention & control ; Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation ; adverse effects ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Red-Cell Aplasia, Pure ; etiology ; Transplantation, Homologous ; adverse effects ; Treatment Outcome

OBJECTIVETo study the bone state with ultimate stress by examining biomechanical distribution of upper femur in Chinese, in order to accumulate more experiences for clinical work.

METHODSTotally 60 Chinese femurs from fresh cadavers were randomly divided into two groups. All the femurs were cleaned, and the body age ranged from 36 to 72 years old, averaged 56.4 years, including 41 from males, and 19 from females. These two groups underwent mechanical stress and bending stress tests. Special mechanical laboratory and machines were used to get the information. Results about the loading value at each testing point under stress were collected.

RESULTSThe four faces of the upper femur suffered different stress under external forces. The bone on upper femur can tolerate more mechanical stress than bending stress. Medial and lateral region of the femur neck and the rear side of the small tuberosity section were themain position enduring the vertical stress. The rear position of the base femur neck and the small tuberosity section were the main regions enduring the bending stress. Those main positions had strong cancellous bones. The intertrochanteric fracture fixation and artificial femoral stems were designed depending on this biomechanical basis.

CONCLUSIONAccording to our experiment result, doctors need to chose more effective fixations for upper femur fracture, and femoral stems for the patients. More information should be collected by further researches.

Adult ; Aged ; Biomechanical Phenomena ; Female ; Femur ; chemistry ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Stress, Mechanical

OBJECTIVETo explore the effect of compound qizhu granule (CQG) on cellular immunity of chronic hepatitis B (CHB) patients.

METHODSTotally 103 CHB patients treated with lamivudin (LAM) for 6 months, who had partial virological response (HBeAg positive) were randomly assigned to two groups, 50 in the treatment group and 53 in the control group. All patients took LAM 100 mg (once a day) plus ADV 10 mg (once a day). Patients in the treatment group additionally took CQG, one dose per day. After one-year treatment hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA negative rates, HBeAg seroconversion, levels of HBV specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL), non-specific CTL and natural killing (NK) cells were compared between the two groups.

RESULTSAfter 1-year treatment, HBV DNA negative rate of the treatment group was 88: 0% in 44 cases, slightly higher than that of the control group (41 cases, 77.4%), but with no statistical difference (P >0.05). HBeAg seroconversion of the treatment group was 32.0% in 16 cases, higher than that of the control group (8 cases, 15.1%), with statistical difference (P <0.05). Levels of HBV specific CTL (0.79%±0. 07%), non-specific CTL (19.4%±1.8%) and NK cells (14. 1%± 1.5%) of the treatment group were higher than those of the control group (0.58% ± 0.08%, 17.5% ± 1.7%, and 11.1%±1.5%, respectively; allP <0.01).

CONCLUSIONTreating CHB patients with partial virological response by ADV plus CQG could improve specific and non-specific cellular immunity, thereby elevating HBeAg seroconversion rate.

Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; therapeutic use ; Hepatitis B e Antigens ; immunology ; Hepatitis B virus ; genetics ; Hepatitis B, Chronic ; drug therapy ; immunology ; Humans ; Immunity, Cellular ; immunology ; T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic ; drug effects

OBJECTIVEAccording to the information obtained from the revision of total hip arthroplasty, the situations of the artificial femoral stem under physiological stress were analyzed preliminarily. In order to accumulate clinical experience, the discussions about how to enlongate the life of artifical joints were performed.

METHODSFifty-three patients required revision operations were selected, including 28 males and 25 females,with an average age of 74.66 years old (61 to 84 years old). The average life of artificial joints was 18.24 years (3 to 27 years). The initial weightbearing was started 11 days (5 to 16 days) after the first operation. The main reasons for the revision were the spontaneous loosening and trauma. Based on imaging and surgical findings, as well as the histological pathology, the situations of the stems in human bodies were determined.

RESULTSFemoral prosthesis would sink under physiological stress. The design of femoral stems, motion of patients', and bone growth determined the secondary stability. Straight stems were helpful for physiological subsidence of prosthesis, achieving the stability with close bone-implant contact by bone growth,which allowed the patient to do early landing exercise. The collared prosthesis and prosthesis combined with internal fixation limited the subsidence of femoral stems. Their stability depends on the time of initial placement and the bone growth for supporting. Delaying the inital weightbearing was suggested for patients with these protheses.

CONCLUSIONAccording to the actual situation of the patients, the appropriate chosen of femoral stems and time to perform the weightbearing can extend the life of the femoral prosthesis.

Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Arthroplasty, Replacement, Hip ; adverse effects ; methods ; Female ; Hip Prosthesis ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Prosthesis Design