Objective To explore the changes of the diurnal rhythm of cortisol secretion and insulin resistance of the type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2DM) patients with depression.Methods The 216 cases outpatient and inpatientof Department of Endocrinology of the Second People's Hospital Changshou, Clinical Psychology of City Mental Health Center of Changshou ,were divided into depression without T2DM group(D group,44 cases), T2DM without depression group(DM group, 124 cases) and the T2DM with depression group(DM-D group,48 cases).And 40 healthy people were from the medical center and as the normal control(NC) group.The levels of fasting blood glucose (FPG), glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c), Fins, fasting C peptide (FC-P), rhythm in cortisol(Cor) secretion at 3 time points (8:00, 16:00,24:00) and plasma adrenocorticotropin(ACTH) were detected for studies.Results Compared with the D group, DM group and NC group, there were increases of FPG,HbA1c,insulin resistance index (HOMA-IR) in the DM-D group ((11.51 ±2.05) vs.(5.18 ±0.22), (9.47±3.46), (5.11±0.25) mmol/L;(10.28±2.12)％ vs.(5.36±0.34)％, (8.89±2.21)％, (5.53 ±0.32) ％;3.78± 1.08 vs.1.58 ± 0.21,2.70 ± 1.54, 1.14 ± 0.24).Plasma cortisol levels and ACTH levels at time points of 8:00,16:00 in the DM-D group were higher than the group D, DM group and NC group, while insulin sensitivity index(ISI) in the DM-D group was lower than the D group,DM group and NC group (-4.41 ±0.27 vs.-3.57±0.13,-3.92±0.60,-3.22±0.22) ,and the differences were significant (P＜0.05).The loss of normal diurnal rhythm of cortisol secretion were significantly more often inDM-D group than in D group and in DM group(77.1％ vs.50.0％ ,47.6％ ,P＜0.05).The multiple stepwise regression analysis showed that 8:00 Cor and ISI were the related factors for the Hamilton Depression Scale (HAMD) score(95％CI:2.355-3.867, -7.903-2.780,P＜0.001).Logistic regression analysis showed that the level of 8:00 Cor was significant risk factor of the T2DM patients with depression(OR=3.024,95％CI: 1.613-5.668,P=0.002).Conclusion The T2DM patients with depression have higher plasma cortisol level, more abnormal rhythm of cortisol secretion and higher level of insulin resistance.The high level of plasma corfisol maybe significantly related to depression in T2DM patients.

Objective To investigate the protective effects of hyperbaric oxygen(HBO)against brain dam- age from hypoxic ischemia(HIBD)in neonatal rats.Methods One hundred and seventeen 7-day-old Sprague- Dawley rats were randomly divided into 4 groups:a control group(n=32),a hypoxic ischemia brain damage group (HIBD group,n=30),a hyperbaric air group(HBA group,n=27),and a hyperbaric oxygen group(HBO group, n=28).The HIBD model was established by permanent occlusion of the left common carotid artery followed by expo- sure to a mixture of 8% oxygen/92% nitrogen for 2 h(at 37℃).HBO therapy was administered to the HBO group after the hypoxia exposure once a day for 7 d,as was HBA therapy to the HBA group.Apoptotic cells in the cortex and hippocampus(A_(CH)cells)were measured using TUNEL at 9 d after birth,and the ratios of left and right cerebral hemisphere weight(R_(L/R))and rate of weight gain(GRW)were recorded 14 d after birth.A radial arm maze acquisi- tion test(RAMAT)was administered at 30 to 35 days.Lastly,the neuron density in the CA_1 subfield of the rats' hip- pocampi(ND_(CAI)was measured with Nissl staining.Results R_(L/R)and GRW in the HIBD group were significantly lower than in the control group(P＜0.01),while R_(L/R)was increased in the HBO and HBA groups,especially in the HBO group(P＜0.01),although there was no significant difference in GRW between the groups.Compared with the control group,A_(CH)cells were increased and ND_(CAI)was decreased in the HIBD group(P＜0.01),while A_(CH)cells were decreased and ND_(CAI)was elevated in the HBO group in comparison with the HIBD group(P＜0.01).There was no change in A_(CH)cells or ND_(CAI)in the HBA group.The RAMAT results for the HIBD group,including the time to find the arms baited with water,average times of working errors and reference memory errors,were significantly high- er than those of the control group,while these values for the HBO group were obviously lower than for the HIBD group,and there was no change for the HBA group(P＞0.05).Conclusion HBO therapy might increase the re- covery of learning and memory function by attenuating HIBD in neonatal rats.

The informatization of traditional Chinese medicine resources is the basis of modern medicine. With a spatial attribute traditional Chinese medicine resources could be carried out for in-depth spatial analysis, data mining and traditional Chinese medicine resources regional industrial layout. In this paper, we took the data of Glycyrrhiza uralensis in the third national Chinese medicine resources survey as the experimental data, described the principles and structure of traditional Chinese medicine resources spatial information database. We also described the establishment of analysis model with the help of this spatial database.
Data Mining ; Databases, Factual ; Medicine, Chinese Traditional ; Plants, Medicinal ; chemistry

Exposure to thermal environment is one of the main concerns for manned space exploration. By focusing on the works performed on thermoregulation at microgravity or simulated microgravity, we endeavored to review the investigation on space thermal environmental physiology. First of all, the application of medical requirements for the crew module design from normal thermal comfort to accidental thermal emergencies in a space craft will be addressed. Then, alterations in the autonomic and behavioral temperature regulation caused by the effect of weightlessness both in space flight and its simulation on the ground are also discussed. Furthermore, countermeasures like exercise training, simulated natural ventilation, encouraged drink, etc., in the protection of thermoregulation during space flight is presented. Finally, the challenge of space thermal environment physiology faced in the future is figured out.
Aerospace Medicine ; Body Temperature Regulation ; Environment ; Exercise ; Humans ; Space Flight ; Weightlessness ; Weightlessness Simulation

ObjectiveTo evaluate prognostic factors and the surgical results of pulmonary carcinoid tumors.Methods We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of 62 patients who were diagnosed as pulmonary carcinoid tumors between January 2000 and October 2010 at Department of Thoracic Surgery,Shanghai Chest Hospital.The following information was available for each of the 62 patients:age,sex,pathological type,and TNM stage.ResultsThere were no operative death.The 3-year and 5-year survival rates after surgery were 92.1％ and 77.8％,respectively.Of the 62 patients,42 were diagnosed as typical carcinoid tumor,and among them,4 patients (8.3％) had lymph node metastases.Their 3-year and 5-year survival rates were 97.8％ and 94.7％,respectively.The remaining 20 patients were diagnosed as atypical carcinoid tumor,and among them,6 patients (37.5％) had lymph node metastases.Their 3-year and 5-year survival rates were 84.4％ and 58.8％,which were statistically significant compared with typical carcinoid tumor( P =0.0047 ).There was significant difference in survival rate between the patients with lymph node metastases and the patients without lymph node metastases (P =0.0048).CondusionThe main risk factors affecting survival rate of those patients who were diagnosed as pulmonary carcinoid tumors were pathological types and lymph node metastases.

AIM: To investigate whether grafting neural stem cells (NSCs) improves the impaired cognitive deficits and spatial recognition after ischemic-hypoxic brain damage (HIBD) in neonatal rats. METHODS: Non-immunosuppressed 7-day-old SD rats were used as research subject and randomly divided into 3 groups: (1) sham group (n=10); (2) HIBD group (n=11); (3) transplant group (n=13). (2) and (3) were anesthetized and subjected to a hypoxic/ischemic injury obtained by combination of left carotid ligation and exposure to 8% oxygen for 2 h. At 3 days post injury, hypoxic-ischemic brain damaged animals were re-anesthetized and randomized to receive stereotactic injection of NSCs prelabeling with BrdU or control media into the hippocampus in the ipsilateral hemisphere. Cognitive (i.e., learning) deficits were assessed at 2 to 4 weeks after transplantation. At the end of the behavioral tests, the animals were killed and evaluated for NSC survival and histopathological analysis. RESULTS: Transplant group showed significantly improved cognitive function in selected tests as compared with HIBD group during the 4-week observation period. They took less time than HIBD group in finding the 3 arms baited with water and had a decreased number of working and reference memory errors in radial maze acquisition tests. Histological analysis showed that transplanted NSCs attenuated CA1 cell loss after HIBD, and NSCs survived for as long as 4 weeks after transplantation and were detected in the hippocampus. CONCLUSION: These data suggest that transplanted NSCs attenuate brain damage and cognitive dysfunction after hypoxic-ischemic brain damage. This approach warrants continued investigation in light of potential therapeutic uses.

AIM: To investigate the effect of human amniotic fluid on the release of thromboxane A 2 (TXA 2), prostaglandin I 2 (PGI 2) and Leukotriene C 4(LTC 4) from blood cells. METHODS: 1 mL human amniotic fluid and 10 mL oneself blood collected from 38-41 weeks with cesarean section were cultured at 37℃ for 30 min, and then centrifuged. The supernatants were taken and stored at -70℃. TXB 2 and 6-Keto-PGF 1? of the superntants were determined by radioimmunoassay and LTC 4 by enzyme immunoassay. RESULTS: It was found that the levels of TXB 2 and LTC 4 in blood were elevated from (63.5?52.0) ng/L and (40.1?39.2) ng/L to (189.1?102.0) ng/L and (293.5?206.1) ng/L respectively (P0.05).CONCLUSION: Amniotic fluid might stimulate the release of TXA 2 and LTC 4 from blood, it might affect the balance of TXA 2 and PGI 2 in blood, which might play an important role in the pathogenesis of amniotic fluid embolism.

AIM: To discuss the mechanism of hyperbaric oxygen(HBO) therapy by assessing the changes of neural stem cells(NSCs),after hypoxic-ischemic brain damage(HIBD) in neonatal rats.METHODS: Seven-day-old SD rat pups were randomly divided into 4 groups: control group(CON,n=16),HIBD group(n=16),hyperbaric air group(HBA,n=16),and HBO group(n=16).The HIBD model was produced by permanent occlusion of left common carotid artery and was exposed to a mixture of 8% oxygen and 92% nitrogen for 2 h(at 37 ℃).HBA and HBO treatment was administered by placing pups in a chamber(2 ATA for 1 h) 1 h after hypoxia exposure and performed once daily for 7 days.BrdU immunohistochemistry was used to assess how the insult had affected NSCs in the SVZ of the lateral ventricle and DG of the hippocampus.The NSCs from the ipsilateral SVZs were isolated at 3 weeks recovery from hypoxia-ischemia(HI).The number of spheres was then counted as an index of the number of NSCs residing within the SVZ.RESULTS: At 3 week survival,the SVZ of HIBD group was smaller and markedly less cellular than control group.BrdU-positive cells were dramatically decreased in the SVZ and DG of the affected hemisphere(P

AIM: To evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of intratracheal instillation of porcine pulmonary surfactant(PPS) in rats with lipopolysaccharides(LPS)-induced early-stage ALI in this study.METHODS: SD rats weighing 200 g-300 g were randomly divided into 4 groups: LPS(1.5 mg?kg-1)+saline,LPS+PPS 100 mg?kg-1,LPS+PPS 150 mg?kg-1,LPS+PPS 200 mg?kg-1.The PaO2 and PaCO2,as well as survival rate of rats were examined for 6 h after the start of PPS-instillation.Then,rats were killed and lungs were immediately removed for lung index(LI) and histological analysis.The bronchoalveolar lavage fluid(BALF) was collected for measurement of total protein(TP) contents,TNF-? level and white blood cell(WBC) numbers.RESULTS: Significantly increased PaO2,reduced mortality rate,decreased total protein and TNF-? contents in BAL,as well as lung index and meliorated histological appearance were observed in three PPS-treated groups compared with group given saline after LPS(P

BACKGROUND: Cyclin-dependent kinase-5 (CDK-5) is one of the members in cyclin-dependent protein kinase family. The attention has being drawn by researchers on the relationship between the expression and distribution of CDK-5 mRNA and its protein in the brain during brain development and neural degeneration in thought-cognition.OBJECTIVE: To probe into the influence of CDK-5 on neurogeny and neural degeneration during cerebral development.DESIGN: Single factor analysis of variance.SETTING: Histological and Embryological Department and Neurobiological Department in Third Military Medical University of Chinese PLA.MATERIALS: The experiment was performed in Histological and Embryological Department and Neurobiological Department in Third Military Medical University of Chinese PLA. Twenty-five Wistar rats of 5 phases were employed, named embryonicphase (E8-E21), neonatal phase (P0-P15),childhood (P16-2 months), grown-up phase (＞ 2 months) and senile phase (＞ 8 months), 5 rats in each group.METHODS: In situ hybridization histochemistry (ISH) and immunohistochemistry (IHC) staining was adopted in brain sections from embryonic phase to senile phase.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURFS: Distribution and expression of positive cells of CDK-5 mRNA and protein in various brain areas.RESULTS: Twenty-five rats entered result analysis for all. ① The expression of CDK-5 mRNA presented in entire development from E14 to P350and was in tendency of stability after growth-up. CDK-5 mRNA localized mainly in neurons and positive regions distributed mainly in cerebral cortex, hippocampus, thalamus, hypothalamus, cerebellum and a part of nerve nuclei. ② The expression of CDK-5 was strong after birth and it was weaker in embryonic and senile rats. Positive regions concentrated mainly in peripheral ventricle, hippocampus, cerebellum and a part of nerve nuclei.The expression only presented in hippocampus and Purkinje cellular layer of cerebellum in senile rats.CONCLUSION: CDK-5 in brain runs through entire phases of neural development, it expresses more significantly in neonatal phase and childhood and declines after growth-up, especially in senile phase. The declined expression of CDK-5 in hippocampus of senile rats is closely associated with decline of learning and memory in senility probably.