Left atrial appendage ( LAA) arises from the left atrial free wall. It is the remnant of the original embryonic LA, distinct from the rest of the left atrium. It has a unique anatomical structure, physiological function, hemodynamic characteristics. LAA has complex surrounding structures, great variability, and close relation with thrombosis. This paper reviews the morphological and functional characteristics of LAA. Familiar with adjacent relationship of LAA and correlation between LAA and thrombus formation has important clinical significance that can reduce the risk of postoperative complications in interventional procedures, the incidence of car?dioembolic stroke, the clinical misdiagnosis on LAA thrombosis.

Objective:To prepare injectable interferon ?-2b(IFN-?-2b) loaded microsphere and develop a long-acting dosage form.Methods: IFN-?-2b loaded microspheres were prepared with poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid)(PLGA) as carrier material by double emulsion(w/o/w) method and solid in oil in oil(s/o/o) method separately.Physical and chemical characteristics of microspheres(mean diameter,morphology and drug entrapment efficiency) were evaluated;the in vitro release behavior and influencing factors of the microspheres were determined by micro-BCA(bicinchoninic acid) method;and IFN-?-2b stability during encapsulation and in vitro release was evaluated by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electropheresis.Results: The 2 types of microspheres produced had good shape and dispersive quality and a drug entrapment efficiency of more than 80%.IFN-?-2b bulk ultrafitration can significantly influence the mean diameter and in vitro release behavior of microspheres prepared by w/o/w method.The accumulated release(within 1 month) of the microspheres prepared by both methods was significantly improved when using PLGA with lower inherent viscosity.SDS-PAGE test showed aggregation of IFN-?-2b with s/o/o method,while there was no difference between the electrophoretic behavior of bulk IFN-?-2b and IFN-?-2b in microspheres prepared by w/o/w method.Conclusion: IFN-?-2b can be encapsulated into injectable microspheres to yield a one-month continuous release by both w/o/w method and s/o/o method.

A complex disease is rarely a consequence of abnormality in a single gene. It is known that many drugs exhibit a therapeutic effect by acting on multiple targets, produce synergies to intervene the occurrence and development of diseases. Unlike the traditional methods which act on single molecule or pathway, this disease-drug target network constructed with high throughput data vividly showed the complex relationship between drugs, their targets and diseases. However, the networks are usually extremely complex. In order to reduce the complexity, it is necessary to deconstruct the network and identify module structures. In this study, framework of module analysis was summarized from four aspects: module concept, structure and identification methods, importance of disease-drug module identification, and its application. Module-based analysis provides a new perspective for deciphering the drug intervention mechanisms for complex diseases, and provides new ideas and pathways to reveal the mechanisms of multi-target and multi-component drugs.
Drug Delivery Systems ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; administration & dosage ; chemistry ; Gene Regulatory Networks ; drug effects ; Humans ; Molecular Targeted Therapy

OBJECTIVETo explore the effect of emodin on endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress of pancreatic acinar AR42J cells.

METHODRat pancreatic acinar AR42J cells were cultured in 6-well plates, and divided into the normal control group, the model group (with the final concentration at 1 x 10(-7) mol · L(-1) for cerulean and lipopolysaccharide at 10 mg · L(-1)) and the emodin group (10, 20, 40 μmol · L(-1)). Cells in each group were cultured in three multiple pores for 24 h, and their supernate was removed after cell attachment. The normal control group was added with haploids, the model group was added with the modeling liquid for haploids, and the treatment groups were added with different concentrations of emodin at 15-20 min before the modeling liquid. The cells were continuously cultured for 3 h under 37 °C and 5% CO2. Their intracellular protease and lipase expressions were detected with kits. The cellular morphology was observed under optical microscope. The level of calcium in endoplasmic reticulum was measured under laser confocal microscopy. Western blot assay were used to determine the protein expression of ER-related signaling molecules.

RESULTEmodin could significantly inhibit levels of amylase, lipase and intracellular calcium and ER.

CONCLUSIONEmodin could reduce pancreatic acinar cell injury induced by the combination of cerulean and lipopolysaccharide. Its action mechanism is correlated with the inhibition of intracellular calcium overload and ER stress.

Animals ; Calcium ; metabolism ; Cell Line, Tumor ; Emodin ; pharmacology ; Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress ; drug effects ; Pancreatic Neoplasms ; metabolism ; pathology ; Rats ; Unfolded Protein Response ; drug effects

Objective: To investigate the changes of myo cardial contractile function during myocardial stunning in calcium overload rats and the protective effects of tetrandrine. Methods: Forty-six rats were randomized into control, myocardial ischemia, myocardial stunning, low and high dose of tetrandrine groups. Another 10 rats were used to identify the calcium overload. vitamin D3 (0.3 million Unit/kg) and nicotinic acid were adm inistered. After 16 d when calcium overload occured, left anterior descending ar tery was ligated. Twenty minutes of myocardial ischemia followed by 60 min of re perfusion was induced. The contractile function parameters were determined dynam ically. At the end of experiment, myocardial cytosolic ［Ca2+］i was deter mined in various groups. In tetrandrine groups, tetrandrine (62.2 or 93.6 μmol/ kg ) was administered by gastrogavage daily.After 16 d, the rats undergone the e xperiments mentioned above. Results: Sixteen days after vitamin D3 , nicotinic acid were given, ［Ca2+］i increased by 2.6 folds (146.8±10.8 ) vs (368.5±22.6) nmol/L, (P<0.01). Whereas, ［Ca2+］i in tetrand rine groups were (210.8±16.4) and (198.6±15.3) nmol/L, which were significantl y lower than that of calcium overload group. Twenty minutes of myocardial ische mia resulted in the decrease of dp/dtmax and Vmax in all groups with the most si gnificant in stunning and calcium overload groups. The contractile function rest ored gradually after reperfusion. At all time points, dp/dtmax and Vmax in both tetrandrine groups were higher than those in both stunning and calcium overload groups. And effect with higher dose of tetrandrine were more significant than in low dose of tetrandrine. After 60 min of reperfusion, dp/dtmax in stunning, cal cium overload, low and high dose of tetrandrine groups were 49.7%, 51.5%, 71.0% and 83.4% of that in control, respectively， and Vmax were 55.0%, 49.8%, 73.9% and 77.5% of that in control, respectively. Conclusion: T he myocardial contractile function in vitamin D3-induced calcium overload gro up is impaired. On basis of myocardiocyte calcium overload, transient ischemia l eads to myocardial stunning. At the stage of ischemia, the impaired degree of my ocardial contractile function is similar to that in stunning group, suggesting a t this stage the effect of ischemia on myocardial function is greater than that of calcium overload. Tetrandrine chronically improves the myocardial function in Vitamin D3-induced calcium overload rats.

15mm~2)of dural sac cross-sectional area to values smaller than 75 mm~2 was found during examination in axial loading,or if a suspected disc herniation,narrow lateral recess,narrow intervertebral foramen,or intraspinal synovial cyst changed to being obvious at the axial loading examination,they were regarded as additional information.Results After axial loading CT examination,AVI was found in 16 of 40 patients.A significant decrease of dural sac area was found in 13 patients.Intervertebral disc herniation was more severe in 7 patients,lateral recess or interverbral foramen narrowed in 4 patients,no intraspinal synovial cyst was found.After axial loading MRI examination,AVI was found in 19 of 60 patients.A significant decrease of dural sac area was found in 13 patients.Intervertebral disc herniation became severe in 10 patients,lateral recess or interverbral foramen narrowed in 8 patients,no intraspinal synovial cyst was found.AVI was found in 32 of 79(40.5%)patients with sciatica and 2 of 20(10.0%)patients with low back pain(?~2=7.45 P

Objective The study of capsaicin (CAP) on the effect and mechanism of indomethacin induced acute gastric mucosal injury in different period.Methods 80 SD rats were randomly divided into 8 groups with 10 rats in each group.The experiment was completed in two phases,and the Ⅰ period was 2 weeks,the Ⅱ period was 4 weeks.The Ⅰ period including group A1 (control group),group B1 (model group),group C1 (CAP group),group D1 (CAP + indomethacin group).The grouping method of the two periods were the same.The rats' gastric mucosa were damaged by indomethacin,and then killed the rats 4 hours later.Last,astric juice was collected to determine the total acidity of gastric acid,counted thegastric mucosal injury index,observed the gastric mucosa pathological injury,detected the expression of TRPV 1、CGRP、MDA、SOD and PGI2.Results The Ⅰ period:the gastric mucosa of group A1 and C1 had no damage.Group D1 compared with group B1,there was no significant difference in gastric mucosa injury (P ＞ 0.05),total acidity decreased significantly (P ＜ 0.05),MDA was no significant difference (P ＞ 0.05),SOD、PGI2 increased significantly (P ＜ 0.05),the expression of TRPV1、CGRP increased significantly (P ＜ 0.05).The Ⅱperiod:the gastric mucosa of group A2 and C2 had no damage.Group D2 compared with group B2,the gastric mucosa injury were significantly reduced (P ＜ 0.05),total acidity decreased significantly (P ＜ 0.05),MDA decreased significantly (P ＜ 0.05),SOD、PGI2 increased significantly (P ＜ 0.05),the expression of TRPV1、CGRP increased significantly (P ＜ 0.05).Conclusion There was no damage to the general morphology and histology of gastricmucosa in rats by intragastric CAP 1 mg/(kg· d) for 2 weeks and 4 weeks.2.It could prevent that indomethacininduced acute gastric mucosal injury in rats by pretreated with CAP 1 mg(kg· d) for 4weeks.

Purpose To prepare 68Ga-NOTA-SPIO as PET/MRI dual mode imaging probe with high sensitivity and resolution,and further evaluate its in vitro and partly in vivo biological properties.Materials and Methods The precursor SPIO-PEG2000-NOTA was prepared and characterized.The precursor was radiolabeled by using one step method to prepare 68Ga-NOTA-SPIO as dual mode imaging probe.The labeling rate of the probe was determined by rapid thin-layer chromatography.Besides,the in vitro stability and lipid water partition coefficient of the probe were evaluated,and its biodistribution in normal mice was also observed.Results The precursor SPIO-PEG2000-NOTA with uniform dispersion and uniform particle size was prepared,and the dual mode probe 68Ga-NOTA-SPIO was synthesized.The labeling rate reached 99％,and the lipid water partition coefficient (Log P) was (-2.60±0.13).The radiochemical purity of the probe was higher than 95％,as it was incubated in the phosphate buffer and fetal bovine serum within 2 hours.The probe was mainly distributed in the liver and spleen of mice,and its clearance velocity in blood was fast.Conclusion The double mode probe 68Ga-NOTA-SPIO synthesized by one step method has high labeling rate with no need of purification,which has good physic-chemical properties and biocompatibility.The probe can be used in the further research of PET/MRI dual modality imaging.

The interferons(IFNs) are a family of the multifunctional cytokines, which are a kind of highly active and multifunctional glycoproteins.Studies in recent years have shown that IFNs exert a powerful antitumor effect by regulating the proliferation of tumor cells, suppressing tumor metastasis and angiogenesis, and activating antitumor immune response.Combined with other tumor treatment methods, it can inhibit the development of a variety of blood system tumors and solid tumors.In addition, the use of IFNs inducers or IFNs combined with emerging immunotherapy can significantly increase the effectiveness of tumor therapy.This review focuses on our understanding of antitumor mechanism and clinical application of IFNs, and provides some guidance for future research and clinical treatment.

Objective To discuss the efficacy of Compound Anisodine Injection combined with Iodized Lecithin Tablets in treatment of central serous chorioretinopathy.Methods Totally 60 patients with CSC were selected,and divided into two groups randomly.The patients in control group (29 cases) were given Iodized Lecithin Tablets.The patients in observation group (31 cases) were given Iodized Lecithin Tablets and Compound Anisodine Injection.The efficacy of Compound Anisodine Injection combined with Iodized Lecithin Tablets in treatment of central serous chorioretinopathy was evaluated by efficacy,visual acuity,light sensitivity,and adverse reaction during treatment.Results After treatment,the effective rates of observation and control groups were 93.5％ and 79.3％,and the observation group was significantly higher than control group (P ＜ 0.05).There were no statistical significance on visual acuity between two groups.After treatment,rhe visual acuity of two groups was increased and the visual acuity in the observation group was better (P ＜ 0.05).Before treatment,there were no statistical significance on light sensitivity between two groups.After 2 and 4 weeks treatment,the light sensitivity of two groups were increased and the light sensitivity in the observation group was higher (P ＜ 0.05).During treatment,there was no statistical significance on adverse reaction between two groups.Conclusion Compound Anisodine Injection combined with Iodized Lecithin Tablets has a curative effect on central serous chorioretinopathy.It could increase the visual acuity and improve the light sensitivity of eyes with good security.It is worthy of clinical use.