Autoimmune diseases (AID) are a group of diseases,in which the tolerance of immune system to self component is broken.However,the etiology and pathogenesis of AID has not yet been clear so far.For better understanding the pathogenesis of AIDs and providing new idea on the diagnosis and treatment of AID,this review will focus on the latest development on pathogenesis of AID,including genetic background,environment factors,abnormal immune regulation,and the role of target cells.

Background and purpose:As a minimally invasive procedure, video-assisted thoracospic surgery for definitive resection of lung cancer is the focus of thoracic surgeons controversy.We studied the application of video-assisted thoracospic surgery and conventional thoracotomy for definitive resection of lung cancer from viewpoint of lymphadenectomy. Methods:From January 2001 to December 2005,549 patients with lung cancer underwent video-assisted thoracospic surgery lobectomy or pneumonectomy with systematic thoracic lymphadenectomy. The total number and average of dissected lymph nodes were recorded. Some studies on VAT and conventional lobectomy or pneumonectomy with systematic thoracic lymphadenectomy for lung cancer were compared.Results:In all 549 cases,7360 lymph nodes were dissected. The average of dissected lymph nodes was 13.41. There were no significant difference between video-assisted thoracospic surgery and conventional thoracotomy.Conclusions:Video-assisted thoracospic surgery should fulfill the same quality of lymphadenectomy WT5"and lung cancer radical resection. WT5"HZ

OBJECTIVE To investigate and analyze the application of prophylactic antibiotics in perioperative period in hospital.METHODS Totally 2 055 cases under operation were investigated prospectively from Jun to Dec in 2005.RESULTS The rate of antibiotics usage was 99.95% among the 2 055 cases.The usage of antibiotics in aseptic wound was 99.92%,and in aseptic-contaminative and contaminative wound was all 100%;72.47% of the patients received single antibiotic treatment,25.84% and 1.12% received 2 to 3 kinds of antibiotics combined therapy respectively.The mean time of the usage of antibiotics during perioperative period was 8.16 days,and that for aseptic,aseptic-contaminative and contaminative wound was 8.1,8.2,and 8.2 days,respectively.29.65% Patients were given antibiotics in 0.5-2 hours before operation,68% were given after operation.The duration of antibiotics therapy less than 48 hours was only 3.45%.The rate of wound infection was 0.75% in patients. The rate of wound infection of aseptic,aseptic-contaminative and contaminative operations was 0.29%,1.33% and 3.42%,respectively.CONCLUSIONS Application of prophylactic antibiotics during perioperative period in hospital is not reasonable.The problem is improper time that given antibiotics,improper kind of antibiotics selected and too long duration of the antibiotics therapy.It is necessary that the antibiotics administration should be standardized.

To strongly promote the activity of reading classics among medical students, Chongqing University of Medical Sciences has made a sampling survey on the state of reading and their literature knowledge among the medical students. The survey shows that the medical students agree to the necessity and probability of reading classics, that they also show some obvious preferences for interest in reading and that there is a huge difference in hierarchy,grade and sex with regard to the grasp of literature, history, philosophy, arts and technology for medical students. The outcome of this survey will undoubtedly make a great revelation on how to carry out the activity of reading classics.

AIM: To study the effect of caffeine on the large conductance calcium activated potassium (K_(Ca)) channels by patch-clamp technique on smooth muscle cells enzymatically isolated from the porcine coronary artery (PCASMC),and to investigate the effect of ryanodine on K_(Ca) being activated by caffeine.METHODS: Using the single channel patch-clamp technique,single PCASMC was isolated by collagenase,the activity of single K_(Ca) channel was recorded in porcine coronary artery smooth muscle cells.RESULTS: Caffeine (0.1-10 mmol/L) enhanced the open probability (Po) of K_(Ca) channels in a dose-dependent manner in the intracellular side of inside-out patches and its effect was almost completely abolished by washout. Caffeine decreased the mean close time markedly,but had no effect on the amplitude of K_(Ca) channels. However,ryanodine (10-40 μmol/L) decreased Po of K_(Ca) channels activated by caffeine in a dose-dependent manner in cell-attached patches. The mean open time also decreased.CONCLUSION: Caffeine directly activates K_(Ca) channels of porcine coronary artery smooth muscle cells in inside-out patches,the activity of single K_(Ca) channel is inhibited by ryanodine indirectly in cell-attached patches.

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Objective To prepare the chitosan nanoparticles loading 5-[125Ⅰ] Iodo-2'-deoxyuridine (125Ⅰ-UdR-CS-DLN) at 100-200 nm in diameter, and analyze the characteristic of drug sustained-releasing and tumor targeting. Methods Orthogonal experimental design and One-way analysis were applied to optimize the preparation of 125Ⅰ-UdR-CS-DLN using tripolyphosphate cross-linking. Dynamic dialysis was utilized to investigate the in vitro releasing characteristics of the nanoparticles. The tumor targeting effect of the nanoparticles was observed with laser confocal microscopy. Results The optimal conditions for preparing the nanoparticles at particle diameters (70. 39 ± 5.12 ) nm (PDI 0. 16 ± 0. 012 ) were 1 g/L of CS, 2 g/L of TPP, stirring rate 600 r/min, relative molecular mass of CS 3 × 103. The TEM results showed that the exterior of the nanoparticles was spheroid, with a uniform and fine dispersivity. The optimized condition with the initial 125Ⅰ-UdR concentration of 2. 96 MBq/ml at pH5 provided the highest loading capacity (1253. 55 MBq/g) and the highest entrapment rate (42. 35% ). The in vitro releasing curves of 125Ⅰ-UdR-CS-DLN followed Higuchi equation, shown a characteristic of long-acting preparation.Laser confocal microscopy observations approved that the tumor cells uptake of FITC-CS-nanoparticles were significantly more than that of normal cells. Conclusions Chitosan nanoparticles loading 125Ⅰ-UdR at diameters range 127. 81 ± 15. 25 nm (PDI 0. 240 ± 0. 035 ) were successfully prepared with the optimized conditions, and showed a characteristic of sustained-releasing and tumor targeting. The chitosan-based nanotechnology provided a new and efficient approach for the application of 125Ⅰ-UdR in intracellular radiotherapy for tumor.

Objective To investigate the application value of virtual touch tissue quantification (VTQ) technique in staging of chronic kidney disease (CKD). Methods VTQ examination was performed on a random sample of 96 CKD patients at different clinical stages and 45 healthy volunteers (control group). Shear wave velocity (SWV) of renal parenchyma was measured and compared. Correlation between SWV and clinical stage and glomeru-lar filtration rate (GFR) of CKD patients was analyzed. Results The SWV value of renal parenchyma decreased gradually, along with the progression of CKD disease and impairment of renal function. There was no significant difference(P>0.05)between the control group and the CKD1 group ( P=0.061), the CKD2 group and the CKD3 group (P = 0.238), and the CKD4 group and the CKD5 group (P = 0.624). The difference of SWV between the remaining groups was statistically significant(P < 0.05). SWV of renal parenchyma was negatively correlated with CKD stage (r =-0.65, P < 0.001), which means the higher the stage of CKD was associated with the lower the SWV. SWV was positively correlated with GFR (r = 0.73, P < 0.001), which means the lower the GFR was related to the lower the SWV. Conclusion VTQ technique can noninvasively reflect the changes of renal parenchyma elas-ticity and evaluate the impairment of renal function in CKD patients. It can provide a new quantitative evaluation index for the clinical staging of CKD.

AIM:To study the effect of caffeine on the large conductance calcium activated potassium (KCa) channels by patch-clamp technique on smooth muscle cells enzymatically isolated from the porcine coronary artery (PCASMC),and to investigate the effect of ryanodine on KCa being activated by caffeine.METHODS:Using the single channel patch-clamp technique,single PCASMC was isolated by collagenase,the activity of single KCa channel was recorded in porcine coronary artery smooth muscle cells.RESULTS:Caffeine (0.1-10 mmol/L) enhanced the open probability (Po) of KCa channels in a dose-dependent manner in the intracellular side of inside-out patches and its effect was almost completely abolished by washout. Caffeine decreased the mean close time markedly,but had no effect on the amplitude of KCa channels. However,ryanodine (10-40 ?mol/L) decreased Po of KCa channels activated by caffeine in a dose-dependent manner in cell-attached patches. The mean open time also decreased.CONCLUSION:Caffeine directly activates KCa channels of porcine coronary artery smooth muscle cells in inside-out patches,the activity of single KCa channel is inhibited by ryanodine indirectly in cell-attached patches.

Objective To study the application of the array comparative genomic hybridization (Array-CGH) for the detection of chromosomal disorders in newborns.Method The Array-CGH technique was used to analyze the whole genome of the patients who were suspected of chromosomal disease in neonatal ward of our hospital from January to December in 2014,and further verification in genomic unbalanced ectopia was carried out by FISH (fluorescence in situ hybridization,FISH).Result Among 514 patients,104 were found carrying chromosomal abnormalities with a detection rate of 20.2％.The most common chromosomal disease is the Down syndrome syndrome (24 cases),followed by the chubby Willy and Angel syndrome(17 cases),while the Wolf-Hirschhorn syndrome in 5 cases,Williams syndrome in 5 cases and the Criduchat syndrone in 5 cases.The results of FISH were consistent with Array-CGH.Conclusion The technique of Array-CGH can be used to scan the whole genome of children with unknown disease.As a high-throughput and rapid research method,this technique has important clinical significance in the screening of chromosomal diseases.