Disorders of sex development(DSD) include anomalies of sex chromosomes,gonads,reproductive ducts,and genitalia.Here,the term "intersex" is avoided because of its imprecision.The purpose of this review is to assist health care professionals in the provision of treatment,education,and support to children born with DSD and to their families.The goal of DSD treatment is to achieve the long-term physical,psychological,and sexual well-being of the patients.In the case of DSD it involves several principles.Providing medical and surgical care to deal with a complication that threatens to the patient's physical well-being;minimizing the potential for the patient and family to feel ashamed,stigmatized,or overly obsessed with genital appearance;delaying elective surgical and hormonal treatments until the patient can actively participate in decision-making;telling the truth to the family and the child and addressing psychosocial distress of the children and their parents.This approach is termed as "patient-centered".

Angina Pectoris ; drug therapy ; Animals ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; therapeutic use ; Humans ; Phytotherapy ; Technology, Pharmaceutical

Objective To investigate expression of glutathione S-transferase(GST) mRNA in peripheral blood of the population in coal-burning fluorosis area and to evaluate the effect of comprehensive control intervention. Methods Fifty samples of peripheral blood from patients in the coal-buring fluorosis area in Bijie county of Guizhou province were selected as fluorasis group and 50 samples of peripheral blood from patients in area with comprehensive management were selected as intervention group, respectively. Fifty samples from non-endemic fluorosis area were selected as the control group. Total RNA from blood was extracted and purified by the Trizol- Phenol-Chloroform one-step method. Expression of GST mRNA was detected by using SYBR Green I real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR. Results The data of GST mRNA in fluorosis group, intervention group and control group was 38.28±27.22,70.56±37.23 and 103.46 ± 46.62, respectively. There was a significant difference between the groups(F = 3.75, P < 0.05). Decreased expression of GST mRNA in fluorosis group and intervention group as compare to control was detected(all P < 0.05), and the expression of GST mRNA in intervention group was higher than that in fluorosis group(P < 0.05). Conclusion Coal-burning fluorosis possibly led to the decreased expression of GST mRNA in peripheral blood, and comprehensive control maybe prevent the decreased expression of GST in mRNA level.

A reliable method for simultaneous determinition of eleven representative components (neochlorogenic acid, chlorogenic acid, cryptochlorogenic acid, isochlorogenic acid B, isochlorogenic acid A, isochlorogenic acid C, shanzhiside, geniposidic acid, genipin-1-β-D-gentiobioside, geniposide and secoxyloganin) in combination of chromatographic fingerpint analysis for Reduning injection was developed by ultra high-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC). The method was performed on an Agilent ZORBAX SB-C18 anlytical column (3. 0 mm x 100 mm, 1. 8 µm) with a guard column of Agilent UPLC Guard ZORBAX SB-C18 (3.0 mm x 5 mm) at the column temperature of 30 °C. The gradient mobile phase consisted of acetonitrile (A)-0. 1% phosphoric acid (B) with a flow rate of 0. 4 mL . min-1. The injection volumn was 2 µL. The detection wavelengths were set at 324 nm and 238 nm for quantit tive analysis and 225 nm for fingerpint chromatography. Neochlorogenic acid, chlorogenic acid, cryptochlorogenic acid, isochlorogenic acid B, isochlorogenic acid A, isochlorogenic acid C, shanzhiside, geniposidic acid, genipin-1-β-D-gentiobioside, geniposide and secoxyloganin were baseline seperated with good linearity relationships (r >0. 999) between concentration and peak areas over the linear ranges. The average recoverys of the investigated compounds were 103.5%, 100. 2%, 103. 3%, 102. 8%, 101. 3%, 102. 8%, 97. 36%, 99. 62%, 98. 16%, 102. 8%, 99. 27%, respectively. Reduning injection of forty-five batches was analyzed by UPLC finge print chromatography. Thirty batches were selected to generate the reference fringerprint chromatography with fourteen common peaks. The similarity values between the reference fringerprint chromatography and the remaining fifteen batches were higher than 0. 99. The developed method was fast, accurate and sensitive. It could be used as a reference for the quality control of multiple components determination and fingerprint chromatography for Reduning injection in future.
Chlorogenic Acid ; chemistry ; isolation & purification ; standards ; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ; methods ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; chemistry ; isolation & purification ; standards ; Glucosides ; chemistry ; isolation & purification ; standards ; Iridoids ; chemistry ; isolation & purification ; standards ; Quality Control ; Reference Standards ; Reproducibility of Results ; Sensitivity and Specificity ; Time Factors

OBJECTIVETo investigate the effects of α3 neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) on apoptosis and p38 signal transduction pathway in SH-SY5Y cells and to assess the roles of α3 nAChR in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD).

METHODSThe levels of α3 nAChR mRNA and protein were measured by real-time PCR and Western blot, respectively, in SH-SY5Y cells transfected with α3 nAChR siRNA. The mRNA level of bcl-2 and bax was measured by the real-time PCR. The siRNA transfected SH-SY5Y cells and control were then treated with 10 µmol/L Aβ25-35 for another 48 h, and the change in apoptotic rate and the levels of p-p38 and p38 were measured by flow cytometry and Western blot. Subsequently these SH-SY5Y cells were exposed to a blocker of p38 protein, and the apoptotic rate was measured again.

RESULTSCompared to the controls, the expression of α3 nAChR at mRNA and protein levels in the SH-SY5Y cells transfected with α3 nAChR siRNA decreased by 95% and 86%, respectively; the mRNA levels of bax increased 2.11 times and that for bcl-2 decreased 0.53 times. The apoptotic rate was unaffected (3.40% ± 0.20%); but it increased after Aβ25-35 treatment (24.52% ± 1.59%); the level of p-p38 protein also increased by 178% in the α3 nAChR inhibited cells treated with Aβ25-35. Compared to controls, the Aβ25-35-treated SH-SY5Y cells and the Aβ25-35-treated and siRNA-transfected cells both showed a reduction in apoptosis after treatment with p38 blocker, especially in the former.

CONCLUSIONThe siRNA silencing of α3 nAChR mRNA may enhance the effect of Aβ25-35 on the cell apoptosis by increasing the levels of p38 protein and bax mRNA and decreasing the level of bcl-2 mRNA, which may play a role in the pathogenesis of AD.

Alzheimer Disease ; etiology ; Amyloid beta-Peptides ; metabolism ; Apoptosis ; Cell Line, Tumor ; Gene Silencing ; Humans ; Neuroblastoma ; metabolism ; pathology ; Peptide Fragments ; metabolism ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2 ; genetics ; metabolism ; RNA, Messenger ; metabolism ; RNA, Small Interfering ; genetics ; Receptors, Nicotinic ; genetics ; metabolism ; Signal Transduction ; Transfection ; bcl-2-Associated X Protein ; genetics ; metabolism ; p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases ; metabolism

Air Pollutants, Occupational ; adverse effects ; analysis ; Dust ; analysis ; Environmental Monitoring ; instrumentation ; methods ; Humans ; Industry ; Inhalation Exposure ; statistics & numerical data ; Maximum Allowable Concentration ; Occupational Exposure ; statistics & numerical data ; Quartz

The extracting technology of salidroside, tyrosol, crenulatin and gallic acid from Rhodiolae Crenulatae Radix et Rhizoma was optimized. With extraction rate of salidroside, tyrosol, crenulatin and gallic acid as indexes, orthogonal test was used to evaluate effect of 4 factors on extracting technology, including concentration of solvent, the dosage of solvent, duration of extraction, and frequency of extraction. The results showed that, the best extracting technology was to extract in 70% alcohol with 8 times the weight of herbal medicine for 2 times, with 3 hours once. High extraction rate of salidroside, tyrosol, crenulatin and gallic acid were obtained with the present technology. The extracting technology was stable and feasible with high extraction rate of four compounds from Rhodiolae Crenulatae Radix et Rhizoma, it was suitable for industrial production.
Chemical Fractionation ; methods ; Chemistry, Pharmaceutical ; methods ; Coumarins ; isolation & purification ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; isolation & purification ; Gallic Acid ; isolation & purification ; Glucosides ; isolation & purification ; Phenols ; isolation & purification ; Phenylethyl Alcohol ; analogs & derivatives ; isolation & purification ; Rhizome ; chemistry ; Rhodiola ; chemistry

Objective To investigate the effects of sevoflurane wash-in during cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) on myocardial injury in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting(CABG).Methods Forty ASA Ⅱ or Ⅲ patients aged 50-64 yr,weighing 53-90 kg undergoing scheduled for CABG under CPB were randomly divided into 2 groups (n =20): control group (group C) and sevoflurane group(group S).Anesthesia was maintained with propofol 3-5 mg·kg-1 ·h-1 and sufentanil 0.5-1.0 μg·kg-1 ·h-1 in both groups.Sevoflurane 1％-2％ was washed into extracorporeal circuit during CPB in group S.Blood samples were taken from central vein after the induction of anesthesia (T0,baseline) and at 6,12 and 24 h (T1-3) after operation for determination of plasma cardiac troponin I(cTnI) concentration and creatine kinase-MB (CK-MB) activity.Myocardial specimens were obtained from right auricle before aortic cross-clamping and at the end of CPB for ultrastructure examination.The severity of mitochondria injury was assessment and scored (0 =normal,4 =impaired inner mitochondrial membrane integrity).Results CPB significantly increased plasma cTnI concentration at T1-3 as compared with the baseline values at T0 before CPB.Plasma cTnI concentration was significantly lower at T2 and T3 in group S than in group C.Mitochondrial injury index was significantly lower at the end of CPB in group S than in group C.There was no significant difference in plasma CK-MB activity between the 2 groups.Conclusion Wash-in of sevoflurane during CPB can attenuate myocardial injury in patients undergoing CABG.

Though parched Chinese herbal medicines contain less effective or index components, their pharmacological actions do not reduce or even become improved to some extent. However, the current studies related to material basis could not explain the changes in property, flavour and efficacy of parched Chinese herbal medicines. Meanwhile, due to the lack of objective and specific evaluation indexes, the quality evaluation could not reflect features of parched Chinese herbal pieces. Therefore, how to break the bottleneck for the studies on parched Chinese herbal pieces, make further innovation and conduct in-depth studies on the material basis of parched Chinese herbal medicines are common problems that medical scholars are facing. According to the findings in the previous studies, the author proposed to explain the material basis of parched Chinese herbal medicines by studying Maillard reaction and establish specific quality evaluation indexes according to the features of parched Chinese herbal pieces, and conducted relevant studies.
Drug Compounding ; methods ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; chemistry ; Maillard Reaction ; Quality Control

With references of historical materials and modern literature regarding acupoint characteristic, a secondary analysis on the concept, origin, related factors and research methods in present research of acupoint characteristic is performed. The acupoint characteristic should be considered as an acupoint inherent attribute that could explain physiological and pathological manifestations at the same time, including location attribute and function attribute, which is related with time and treatment method. Some re-thinking on acupoint characteristic is proposed as well as advice on further research method and direction, hoping to promote the research development of acupoint characteristic.
Acupuncture Points ; Acupuncture Therapy ; history ; China ; History, Ancient ; Humans ; Medicine in Literature ; Meridians