A kinetics model was developed for predicting and simulating immobilized cellulase performance, which follows Michaelis-Menten kinetics with competitive product inhibition. Taking into account the effects of competitive product inhibition, inner diffusional limitation, substrate concentration and carrier size, the substrate distribution and the product distribution in carriers were investigated, and the effectiveness factors were also calculated over a wide range of parameters. The effects of competitive product inhibition are shown to increase the substrate concentration in the carrier, and, additionally, to increase the effectiveness factors slightly. With the increase of inner diffusion coefficient, both the effectiveness factors and the substrate concentration in the carrier increase. As the carrier size increases, on the other hand, these values decrease. The effectiveness factors and the substrate concentration in the carrier are found to increase when substrate concentration in the reaction system increases.
Cellulase ; metabolism ; Diffusion ; Enzymes, Immobilized ; metabolism ; Kinetics ; Microspheres ; Models, Chemical ; Particle Size ; Substrate Specificity

Comments were made on the word-for-word literal translation method used by Mr. Nigel Wiseman in A Practical Dictionary of Chinese Medicine. He believes that only literal translation can reflect Chinese medical concepts accurately. The so-called "word-for-word" translation is actually "English-word-for-Chinese-character" translation. First, he made a list of Single Characters with English Equivalents, and then he replaced each character of Chinese medical terms with the assigned English equivalent. Many English terms thus produced are confusing. The defect of the word-for-word literal translation stems from the erroneous idea that the single character constitutes the basic element of meaning corresponding to the notion of "word" in English, and the meaning of a disyllabic or polysyllabic Chinese word is simply the addition of the meanings of the two or more characters. Another big mistake is the negligence of the polysemy of Chinese characters. One or two English equivalents can by no means cover all the various meanings of a polysemous character as a monosyllabic word. Various examples were cited from this dictionary to illustrate the mistakes.
Medicine, Chinese Traditional ; Terminology as Topic ; Translations

OBJECTIVETo analyse the prognostic factors and the neck treatment strategy of early tongue squamous cell carcinoma (SCC).

METHODSTotal of 152 cases of early tongue SCC underwent surgery between January 1994 December 2003 were reviewed. The patients, according to their neck managements, were divided into two groups, or wait-whach group (n = 32) and neck dissection group (n = 120), and the neck dissection group was subdivided into supraomohyoid neck dissection (SND) group and comprehensive neck dissection(CND) group (including radical neck dissection and modified radical neck dissection).

RESULTSAll patients were followed up over 5 years or until death and the 5-year follow-up rate was 94.7%. The regional recurrence rates of wait-whach group and neck dissection group were 34.4% and 14.2% respectively (χ(2) = 6.865, P < 0.01) and 5-year overall survival rates of the two groups were 68% and 79% respectively (χ(2) = 1.699, P > 0.05). There were no significant difference in the regional recurrence rate or 5-year survival rate between SND group and CND group (P > 0.05). The patients with pathologically node positive had a low 5-year survival rate compared to those with node negative. The patients with regional recurrence had a significant low 5-year survival rate compared to patients without regional recurrence (P < 0.01).

CONCLUSIONSOccult lymph node metastasis and regional recurrence were important prognostic factors for early tongue cancer. Supraomohyoid neck dissection can not improve the 5-year survival rate, but significantly reduce the rate of neck recurrence. The results suggest that the selective neck dissection for ipsilateral level I-III should be applied to the patients with early tongue carcinoma which does not cross the midline.

Adult ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Carcinoma, Squamous Cell ; diagnosis ; pathology ; surgery ; Female ; Humans ; Lymphatic Metastasis ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Neck ; pathology ; Neck Dissection ; Neoplasm Staging ; Prognosis ; Retrospective Studies ; Survival Rate ; Tongue Neoplasms ; diagnosis ; pathology ; surgery ; Young Adult

OBJECTIVETo investigate the alteration of expressions of beta(1)-, beta(2)-, beta(3)-adrenoceptor mRNA in human myocardial tissue and the relation between their expressions and cardiac function in patient with heart failure.

METHODSThe mRNA expressions of beta(1)-, beta(2)- and beta(3)-adrenergic receptors in myocardial tissue were analyzed by using the reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction in 24 patients with heart failure of valvular heart disease and 5 control subjects.

RESULTSBeta(1)-adrenergic receptor mRNA expressions in myocardium were significantly lower in patients with heart failure than those in control subjects, and progressively reduced with aggravation of heart function. By contrast, beta(3)-adrenoceptor mRNA expressions were significantly higher in patients with heart failure than those in controls, and progressively elevated with aggravation of cardiac function. No difference was observed in beta(2)-adrenergic receptor among all groups.

CONCLUSIONThe changes of beta-adrenergic receptor mRNA expression are associated with the severity of heart failure.

Adult ; Case-Control Studies ; Female ; Heart Failure ; genetics ; metabolism ; physiopathology ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; RNA, Messenger ; metabolism ; Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-1 ; genetics ; metabolism ; Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2 ; genetics ; metabolism ; Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-3 ; genetics ; metabolism

Objective To evaluate the efficacy of 131I treatment for bone metastases from DTC and analyze the survival rates after 131I treatment and prognostic factors. Methods One hundred and six DTC patients with bone metastases treated by 131I during January 1991 and January 2009 were retrospectively analyzed. Treatment efficacy was assessed based on serum Tg change, bone pain palliation and changes on medical imaging. Univariate analysis was performed for defining the factors affecting 131I treatment efficacy. Survival curves were estimated using the life table method. Survival analysis was performed using Kaplan-Meier method. Results Serum Tg decreased dramatically in 37/106 (34.9%) patients treated with131I. Thirty-nine of 61 patients (63.9%) with bone pain had pain relief. Age, tumor subtype and presence of non-osseous distant metastases were significant factors affecting 131I treatment efficacy based on serum Tg change (χ2=6.443, 11.455, 6.756, all P<0.05), but had no significant effects on bone pain palliation (χ2=0, 0, 0.060, all P>0.05). There were no imaging changes of bone metastases in 77.4% of patients after 131I treatment. The overall 5-year and 10-year survival rates from initial diagnosis of bone metastases was 86.47% and 57.90%, respectively. Univariate analysis showed that number of metastases, presence of non-osseous distant metastases and pre-131I treatment surgery were significant factors for survival (Log-rank values were 4.05, 5.98, 4.22, all P<0.05). Conclusions 131I treatment for bone metastases from DTC is effective for lowering serum Tg and palliation of bone pain. Single metastasis, absence of non-osseous distant metastases and pre-131I therapy surgery are favorable predictors of prognosis.

Objective To analyze the spatial epidemiological characteristics of measles in Taizhou from 2009 to 2017, so as to provide theoretical basis for measles prevention and control. Methods The spatial autocorrelation analysis and trend surface analysis of measles epidemics data from 2009 to 2017 in Taizhou were performed using ArcGIS 10.0 software. The dynamic characteristics of measles epidemics in Taizhou were analyzed. Results Among 2009-2017 years, the incidences of measles in Taizhou ranged from 0.83/1 million to 65.43/1 million. The results of global autocorrelation analysis showed that there were spatial correlations of the incidence of measles among 2012, 2013, 2015, and 2016 in Taizhou with a high-value clustering distribution. Local autocorrelation analysis indicated that the hot spots of measles incidence in Taizhou from 2009 to 2017 were mainly concentrated in the central towns of Taizhou. Trend surface analysis suggested that the measles incidence in the south towns of Taizhou was higher than that in the north in 2010, and the incidence in the central region was higher than those in other regions in 2013 and 2015. Conclusions According to the spatial analysis, autocorrelation was observed for the spatial distribution of measles incidence in Taizhou from 2009 to 2017, and there are hot spots in the central township. Targeted preventive measures should be taken based on these characteristics.

OBJECTIVETo estimate the size of female sex workers and clients in Taizhou city.

METHODSA household survey using network scale-up method (NSUM) was conducted among the 3000 community residents in Taizhou city from August to October in 2011, which aimed to estimate the social network size (c value) of Taizhou residents, and the c value was adjusted by demographic characteristics, back estimation and outlier elimination. Using the adjusted c value, the number of acquaintance of female sex workers or clients and the respect level toward female sex workers or clients were used to estimate the size of female sex workers and clients.

RESULTSA total of 2783 valid questionnaires were collected, among which 1380 (49.6%) were collected from Taixing city, 1403 (50.4%) were collected from Jingjiang city. 1334 respondents were male (47.9%) and 1449 (47.9%) respondents were female. The mean age was (39.4 ± 10.7) years. The average personal social network size using original data for Taizhou residents was 525, which differed from place, sex, age, educational level and marriage status. Using the remaining known populations through back estimation, the social network size was 419 and became 424 after the elimination of outliers. The estimated population size for female sex worker was 6370 (95%CI: 5886 - 6853), which accounted for 0.52% (6370/1 229 980) of the total number of female aged from 15 to 49. The estimated population size for clients was 15 202 (95%CI: 14 560 - 15 847), which accounted for 1.28% (15 202/1 190 340) of the total number of males aged from 15 to 49 and the ration of clients to female sex worker was 2.39:1.

CONCLUSIONNSUM is an easy and quick way to estimate the size of female sex workers or clients, but the estimated sizes are subject to bias and error due to estimate effect and sample representativeness.

Adolescent ; Adult ; China ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Sex Work ; statistics & numerical data ; Sex Workers ; statistics & numerical data ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Young Adult

OBJECTIVEThe aim of this study was to describe a new technique of combined hyoid bone and thyrohyoid membrane flap in laryngeal reconstruction after tumor resection, and to evaluate outcome.

METHODSSix patients requiring an frontal partial laryngectomy for cancer were enrolled between September 2008 and August 2012.

RESULTSNasogastric feeding was initiated within 24 hours. The mean times to swallow batter, ability to drink water and removal of the nasogastric tube were 2.6, 5.5 and 6.3 days. All patients had good respiratory function. There were no deaths, and no reports of postoperative dyspnea or dysphagia. The vocal quality was satisfactory, slightly deeper and raspy, and the volume was weak when calling. The final follow-up assessment was in August 2012, and the overall mean follow-up period was 29.5months, range 14 to 47 months. Case two subsequently underwent total laryngectomy for recurrence in the paraglottic space, but there was no evidence of further tumor recurrence at the final assessment.

CONCLUSIONSThe combined muscle-pedicle hyoid bone and thyrohyoid membrane flap is a reliable graft for one-stage repair of laryngotracheal defects, providing effective repair of the mucosa and cartilage support. Vocal quality, swallowing function and ventilation after the procedure were favorable.

Humans ; Hyoid Bone ; surgery ; Laryngeal Neoplasms ; surgery ; Laryngectomy ; methods ; Laryngoplasty ; methods ; Larynx ; surgery ; Surgical Flaps

OBJECTIVETo summary the treatment experience of severe acute pancreatitis (SAP).

METHODSFrom January 1997 to March 2009, a total of 1033 patients suffered SAP were admitted with a mean APACHE II score 12.0 +/- 4.3. There were 622 males and 411 females, aged from 13 to 98 years old. All patients were cared by the multidisciplinary team with intensivist, endoscopists, gastroenterologists, radiologist, nephrologist and surgeons.Patients treated in SICU in the early phase of the disease. In these 1033 patients, 365 cases received mechanical ventilation, 218 with tracheotomy, 159 cases received high-volume continuous venovenous hemofiltration (CVVH), 179 received nasobiliary drainage, 513 were treated with early enteral nutrition. CT-guided percutaneous catheter drainge for peripancreatic fluid collection was pefromed for 477 times and 438 patients received surgical debridement for infected pancreatic necrosis.

RESULTSIn all these 1033 cases, 975 patients (94.4%) survived, and 38 patients died (3.7%). The mortality of patients who received surgical debridement for infected pancreatic necrosis was 7.1% (31/438).

CONCLUSIONThe muti-discipline management of severe acute pancreatitis can remarkably improve the prognosis of patients.

Drainage ; Enteral Nutrition ; Hemofiltration ; Humans ; Pancreatitis ; therapy

Objective:To discuss the effect of Sishenwan on phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase/protein kinase B/mammalian target of rapamycin（PI3K/Akt/mTOR） signaling pathway related genes and proteins in colon tissue and interleukin-1β（IL-1β） and interleukin-10（IL-10） expression levels in serum of ulcerative colitis （UC） model rats with spleen kidney Yang deficiency. Method:The 120 SPF Wistar rats were randomly divided into normal group and model group after 7 days of adaptive feeding in SPF laboratory. The model group were given dinitrobenzene sulfonate （DNBS）/ethanol solution enema+hydrocortisone subcutaneously injection+senna leaf gavage to establish UC model of spleen kidney yang deficiency. The rats who successfully established the model were randomly divided into five groups：model group， mesalazine （0.36 g·kg^-1） group， and Sishenwan high， medium and low dose （3.2，1.6，0.8 g·kg^-1） groups， the volume of which was 10 mL·kg^-1. The model group and the blank group were given distilled water of the same volume. Once a day for 21 days. Observe the general conditions of the rats daily， and record the weight， fecal traits and occult blood of the mice for disease activity index （DAI） scoring.Take the rat colon tissue to observe the gross morphology and colon injury， and score the colon mucosal injury index （CMDI）. Hematoxylin-eosin （HE） staining was used to observe pathological changes. Real-time fluorescence quantitative polymerase chain reaction （Real-time PCR）was used to detect the expression level of PI3K， Akt， mTOR mRNA in colon tissue. The levels of IL-1β and IL-10 in serum were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay （ELISA）. Western blot was used to detect the expression level of PI3K， phosphorylation （p）-PI3K， Akt， p-Akt， mTOR， p-mTOR protein in colon tissue. Result:Compared with blank group， the general survival status of the rats in model group was relatively poor， the DAI score and the CMDI index were significantly increased （P<0.01）. The intestinal mucosa partially disappears， the glands disappear， and a large number of inflammatory cells infiltrate and gather in the mucosal layer and the base layer in the pathological sections of the model group. The expression levels of PI3K， Akt， and mTOR mRNA were significantly increased （P<0.01）. The IL-1β content was significantly increased and the IL-10 content was significantly decreased （P<0.01）. The expression levels of p-PI3K，p-Akt and p-mTOR protein were significantly increased （P<0.01）. Compared with the model group， the DAI scores of Sishenwan high and medium dose groups and mesalazine group decreased （P<0.05）. The CMDI index of mesalazine group and the high， middle and low dose groups of Sishenwan was significantly reduced （P<0.01）. Pathological sections of rats showed that the inflammatory cells in the drug group decreased， and the mucosal layer structure returned to normal to varying degrees. The mesalazine group and the Sishenwan medium-dose group had the best effects， and the mucosal structure was close to the blank control group. The expression levels of PI3K， Akt， mTOR mRNA in the high and medium dose groups of Sishenwan， mesalazine group and Akt mRNA in low dose group of Sishenwan were significantly reduced （P<0.05，P<0.01）. The expression levels of PI3K and mTOR mRNA in low-dose group of Sishenwan decreased， but the difference was not statistically significant. The IL-1β content was significantly reduced and the IL-10 content was significantly increased in high， medium dose groups of Sishenwan and mesalazine groups （P<0.05，P<0.01）. The level of IL-1β decreased and the level of IL-10 increased in the low-dose group of Sishenwan， but the difference was not statistically significant. The expression levels of p-PI3K， p-Akt and p-mTOR protein in the high， medium， and low dose groups of Sishenwan and mesalazine group decreased to varying degrees， and the differences were statistically significant（P<0.05，P<0.01）. Conclusion:Sishenwan has the effect of improving the general condition and intestinal mucosal damage of ulcerative colitis model rats with spleen and kidney Yang deficiency. The mechanism may be related to the inhibition of PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway.