Shanghanlun contains the theory of stagnation,though which is concealed among the treating system.This theory is great important to clinical practice.When we have a whole understanding to the theory of stagnation,it is easy to analyze the obstruction-removing therapy.Though this principle hasn't clearly definition,it is connected closely with other regular treating methods.Based on it,the dissertation analyzes all kinds of obstruction-removing therapy in Shanghanlun.That will be very helpful for readers to understand this theory and its significance in clinical practice.

Objective To study the effect of ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides combined with metformin on oxidative stress of type 2 diabetic rats. Methods SD rats were fed with high fat diet for 4 weeks and injected with streptozotocin (30 mg·kg-1 ) to produce type 2 diabetic model. The diabetic rats were randomly divided into diabetes model group, ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides group (600 mg·kg-1 ), metformin group (600 mg·kg-1 ), combination group (ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides 300 mg·kg-1+ metformin 300 mg·kg-1 ), After 12 weeks of treatment, the level of fasting blood glucose was determined, and the activity of superoxide dismutase ( SOD), malondialdehyde ( MDA), catalase ( CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), total cholesterol (TC) and triglyceride (TG) were detected. Results The levels of fasting blood glucose in the treatment groups were significantly lower than that in the diabetes model group (P<0. 01). Furthermore, fasting blood glucose in the combination group was significantly lower than that in ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides group and metformin group (P<0. 01). Compared with diabetes model group, serum TC and TG in the treatment groups were significantly lower (P<0. 05, P<0. 01). Serum TC and TG were significantly lower in the combination group than in ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides group and metformin group (P<0. 05, P<0. 01). Compared with diabetes model group, serum SOD levels in the treatment groups were significantly higher (P<0. 01). Compared with ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides group and metformin group, serum SOD levels in the combination group was significantly higher (P<0. 05). Compared with diabetes group, serum MDA levels in the treatment groups were significantly lower (P<0. 01). Serum MDA in the combination group was significantly lower than that in ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides group and metformin group ( P<0. 05). Compared with diabetes model group, serum CAT and GSH-Px in the treatment groups were significantly higher (P<0. 05, P<0. 01). Serum CAT and GSH-Px in the combination group were significantly higher than those in ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides group and metformin group (P<0. 05). Conclusion Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides combined with metformin could effectively inhibit oxidantion stress in type 2 diabetic rats. The effect was better than ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides or metformin used alone. The possible mechanism may be related to increased activity of SOD, CAT, GSH-Px in vivo and regulation of dyslipidemia.

OBJECTIVETo observe and compare the effects of 17beta-estradiol (EST) on the phasic and tonic contractile activities of the uterine smooth muscles of SD rats in vitro.

METHODSDifferent concentrations of 17beta-estradiol were added into the perfusion muscular sockets containing uterine smooth muscles of SD rats, and the activities of muscle contraction were recorded at the same time.

RESULTS17beta-estradiol had obvious depression effects on spontaneous rhythmic contraction of the uterine smooth muscles in a concentration-dependent manner, it could considerably decrease muscular tension, the mean amplitudes and frequencies of contractile waves (P < 0.01); it could also suppress the uterine contraction stimulated by KCl, CaCl2 or prostaglandin F2alpha (PGF2alpha). Based on the contraction of uterine smooth muscle stimulated by KCl, IC50 was 7.278 micromol/L and pD2 was -0.862 when calculated by linear regression method. 17beta-estradiol could also inhibit the maximal CaC12 contraction of uterine smooth muscle in the Ca2+ free Krebs solution, which the ECQ was 1.422 x 10(-3) mol/L, pD2 was 2.847 (control), but the E50 was 3.028 x 10(-3) mol/L, p2 was 2.519 (added with EST) when calculated by linear regression method.

CONCLUSIONThe depression effects of 17beta-estradiol on the spontaneous rhythmic contraction and activated contraction of the uterine smooth muscles of SD rats could be mediated through the blockage of C2+ influx through potential-dependent Ca2+ channels of plasma membrane.

Animals ; Estradiol ; pharmacology ; Female ; Muscle, Smooth ; drug effects ; Myometrium ; drug effects ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Uterine Contraction ; drug effects

Retinoic acid plays an important role in maintaining the structure and function in male testis. Recent studies showed that there is a group of genes that can be specially activated by retinoic acid during the development of male reproductive gland. The gene Stra 8 (Stimulated by Retinoic Acid) was one of the gene in this group. In mouse, Stra 8 is restrictively expressed in male germ line cells, and its function is related to the development of sperm. In order to investigate the feature of Stra 8 gene expression,the 1.4 kb (-1407 - +7) promoter region of Stra 8 gene was amplified from mouse genomic DNA. The DNA fragment was then cloned into a promoter less vector to form the construct that contained the 1.4 kb promoter region, and the reporter gene of EGFP that was regulated by 1.4kb Stra 8 promoter. To investigate the specificity of Stra 8 promoter,the vector pStro-EGFP was transfected into undifferentiated mouse stem cells such as ES-129, bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell (mMSC) and spermatogonial stem cell (mSSC). The results showed that the expression of GFP was only observed in the mSSC cells,which indicated that Stra 8 gene was specially regulated in testis tissue. As the gene marker,vector pStra8-EGFP was then transfected to undifferentiated mMSC cells. After being selected by G418 for 2 weeks,the mMSC cells were induced by retinoic acid. After 12 hours induction, some induced cells started to express GFP protein, which was observed under the fluorescence microscope. At the same time, several stem cell specificity biomarkers such as Oct4, and spermatogonial stem cell biomarkers such as CyclinA2 and Stra 8 were detected in the induced cells by RT-PCR method. These results showed that the mMSCs would differentiated to spermatognial stem cells after induced by Retinoic Acid.
Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing ; Animals ; Cell Differentiation ; genetics ; Cells, Cultured ; Gene Expression ; Male ; Mice ; Promoter Regions, Genetic ; Proteins ; genetics ; Spermatogonia ; cytology ; metabolism ; Stem Cells ; cytology ; metabolism ; Tretinoin ; pharmacology

OBJECTIVETo discuss the feasibility of the operation of minimal invasive with gallbladder preserved via choledochoscopy.

METHODSFrom February 1992 to June 2006, there were 760 patients who underwent cholecystolithiasis treated with the minimal invasive operation with gallbladder preserved via choledochoscopy, among which there were 428 males and 332 females, aged from 18 to 81 years old. All cases were diagnosed by ultrasonography and their gallbladder functions were proved normal by the examination of oral cholecystography or ECT before operation. In the operation gallstones were removed from gallbladder completely.

RESULTSThere were 612 cases who were followed up for 1-15 years and the follow-up rate was 80.5%. All patients recovered well after operation. The post-operation rate of recurrence of gallstone was 0.49%, 4.39%, 5.83%, 6.60%, 7.21% and 8.38% within the first year, the second year, the third year, the fifth year, the seventh year and the ninth year respectively, rate of recurrence of gallstone were 10.11% within both the tenth and the fifteenth year.

CONCLUSIONSThe minimal invasive operation with gallbladder preserved via choledochoscopy is effective to cholecystolithiasis patients whose gallbladder function is normal. It is a feasible operation that preserves the normal functional gallbladder and improves the patients' life quality.

Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Cholecystolithiasis ; surgery ; Endoscopy, Digestive System ; methods ; Feasibility Studies ; Female ; Follow-Up Studies ; Gallbladder ; surgery ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Treatment Outcome ; Young Adult

BACKGROUNDSubclinical apoplexy of pituitary functional adenoma can cause spontaneous remission of hormone hypersecretion. The typical presence of pituitary growth hormone (GH) adenoma is gigantism and/or acromegaly. We investigated the clinical characteristics of patients with spontaneous partial remission of acromegaly or gigantism due to subclinical apoplexy of GH adenoma.

METHODSSix patients with spontaneous remission of acromegaly or gigantism were enrolled. The clinical characteristics, endocrinological evaluation and imageological characteristics were retrospectively analyzed.

RESULTSIn these cases, the initial clinical presences were diabetes mellitus or hypogonadism. No abrupt headache, vomiting, visual function impairment, or conscious disturbance had ever been complained of. The base levels of GH and insulin growth factor-1 (IGF-1) were normal or higher, but nadir GH levels were all still > 1 µg/L in 75 g oral glucose tolerance test. Magnetic resonance imaging detected enlarged sella, partial empty sella and compressed pituitary. The transsphenoidal surgery was performed in 2 cases, and the other patients were conservatively managed. All the patients were in clinical remission.

CONCLUSIONSWhen the clinical presences, endocrine evaluation, biochemical examination and imageology indicate spontaneous remission of GH hypersecretion in patients with gigantism or acromegaly, the diagnosis of subclinical apoplexy of pituitary GH adenoma should be presumed. To these patients, conservative therapy may be appropriate.

Acromegaly ; diagnosis ; etiology ; Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; Female ; Gigantism ; diagnosis ; etiology ; Growth Hormone-Secreting Pituitary Adenoma ; complications ; Humans ; Immunohistochemistry ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Pituitary Neoplasms ; complications ; Young Adult

Male germ stem cells (mGSCs), which is in testis after sex differentiation, derive from primordial germ cells. In this study, bovine mGSCs were isolated from testis of 20 weeks fetuses. Number of CD9 positive cells of the cells through two-steps adhering plates velocity different was 95.8% by flow cytometer. The carina-type cells clones and the plane-type cells clones appeared in co-cultured system. One cells lines had been successively maintained for 4 passages, and the cells clusters showed AKP positive staining. The cells clusters showed nest-shape in third passage showed SSEA1 and Oct-4 positive staining. These cells can also spontaneously differentiate into c-kit positive staining germ cells, and the cells were directional induced to formaactin positive staining cardiac-like cells cluster and NF positive staining neuron-like cells. The conclusion showed that male germ stem cells from 20 weeks bovine fetuses could be in vitro formed like embryonic stem cells.
Animals ; Cattle ; Cell Differentiation ; physiology ; Cells, Cultured ; Embryonic Stem Cells ; cytology ; Fetus ; cytology ; Male ; Pluripotent Stem Cells ; cytology ; Spermatozoa ; cytology

OBJECTIVETo investigate the efficacy and advantages of laparoscopy-assisted total gastrectomy (LATG) with D2 dissection of lymph nodes versus conventional open D2 total gastrectomy (OTG) in advanced gastric cancer.

METHODSOne hundred and twenty-five patients with advanced gastric cancer in the middle or upper third of the stomach were operated on from July 2005 to March 2007. Of the patients, 59 cases received LATG and 66 OTG with D2 lymph nodes dissection. Clinical data were recorded and compared between the two groups.

RESULTSNo patient in the LATG group converted to conventional operation with laparotomy. No operation mortality and no severe morbidity occurred in LATG group. As compared with OTG group, in LATG group operation time was longer [(330 +/- 71) min vs. (261 +/- 54) min, P =0.005] in LATG group, but with similar number of lymph node retrieval (36 +/- 13 vs. 34 +/- 16, P =0.450), less operation blood loss [(175 +/- 101) ml vs. (359 +/- 210) ml, P =0.003], earlier recovery of bowel activity (P = 0.015), and a shorter duration of fever after operation (P = 0.024).

CONCLUSIONSLATG with D2 lymph node dissection in advanced gastric cancer is safe and technically feasible with better operative access and visual field, less operation blood loss and earlier recovery.

Adult ; Aged ; Feasibility Studies ; Female ; Gastrectomy ; methods ; Humans ; Laparoscopy ; Lymph Node Excision ; Lymphatic Metastasis ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Stomach Neoplasms ; pathology ; surgery ; Treatment Outcome

OBJECTIVEDiscussing the natural history and the influencing factors of HIV infection among former commercial blood and plasma donors engaged in unsafe blood donation practices in China.

METHODSUsing ambispective cohort study, with data obtained from ten counties (districts) from six provinces in the National AIDS Control Demonstration Area. HIV/AIDS cases were found and confirmed prior to July 24, 2006 being former commercial blood. Plasma donors were selected and data regarding infection, incidence, death, and influencing factors was collected. Analysis was performed using SPSS 12.0 statistical analysis software.

RESULTS(1) In 7551 cases of HIV infection, there were 6533 typical progressors (86.52%, 4757 cases of AIDS), 108 rapid progressors (1.43%), 910 long-term non-progressors (12.05%) with 4865 cases progressed to AIDS (64.43%). The median incubation period for HIV progression to AIDS was nine years (95% CI:8.96-9.04). (2) According to data, from a total of 1157 AIDS cases without ARV therapy (23.78% of total AIDS cases), there were 283 confirmed AIDS-related deaths, of which the median survival time was 6 months (95% CI:4-7) and the two and three year fatality rates were 95% and 99%, respectively. (3) The duration of HIV incubation period was irrespective to gender and age at the time of HIV infection (P > 0.05). Length of survival for untreated AIDS showed correlation to gender (P < 0.05) but no correlation with culture, marital status or age at the time of diagnosis of AIDS (P > 0.05).

CONCLUSIONCompared with the UNAIDS theory regarding slow disease progressors among adults, our study showed a longer AIDS incubation period and shorter outlook for untreated survival, but a similar incubation period for other routes of HIV infection.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome ; epidemiology ; mortality ; Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; Blood Donors ; statistics & numerical data ; China ; Female ; HIV Infections ; epidemiology ; mortality ; Humans ; Infectious Disease Incubation Period ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Young Adult

ObjectiveTo study the effect-enhancing and toxicity-reducing activities of astragalus polysaccharide injection （APS） on U14 cervical cancer in model mice receiving X-ray treatment. MethodU14 mouse cervical cancer cells were cultured in vitro and injected into the right forelimb armpit of Kunming mice for constructing a subcutaneous tumor-bearing model of cervical cancer. The tumor-bearing mice were randomly divided into the model group， X-ray intervention（IR， 6 Gy） group， APS （10 mL·kg^-1·d^-1） group， and IR + APS group. Following the observation of the state， body mass， and food intake of mice in each group， the volume of the tumor was measured. The tumor cell cycle and apoptosis were determined by flow cytometry. The protein and mRNA expression levels of apoptosis-related proteins p53， B-cell lymphoma-2 （Bcl-2）， Bcl-2-associated X protein （Bax）， and cleaved cysteine-dependent aspartate-directed protease-3 （Caspase-3） in tumor tissues were assayed by Western blot and real-time fluorescence quantitative polymerase chain reaction （Real-time PCR）. ResultThe comparison with the model group showed that mice in the IR group had poor mental status and reduced mobility. The IR group and IR + APS group exhibited reduced food intake and body mass since the 8^th d （P<0.05， P<0.01） and narrowed tumor volume since the 9^th d （P<0.01）. In the IR group， the proportion of cells in the G₁ phase was increased， while the proportion of those in the S phase was decreased （P<0.01）. In the IR + APS group， the proportion of cells in the G₁ phase rose， whereas the proportion of those in the G₂ and S phases cells declined （P<0.05， P<0.01）. The apoptotic rates in both the IR group and IR + APS group were elevated significantly （P<0.01）. Compared with the model group， the IR group and IR + APS group displayed up-regulated cleaved Caspase-3 and Bax protein and mRNA expression in tumor tissues， but down-regulated Bcl-2 and p53 protein and mRNA expression （P<0.05， P<0.01）. Compared with the IR group， the mice in the IR + APS group had better mobility and hair， normal body mass， and increased food intake （P<0.05）. The tumor volume in the IR + APS group was reduced （P<0.05）. The proportion of cells in the G₂ phase was reduced， but the proportion of those in the S phase was raised （P<0.05）. The apoptosis rate was increased （P<0.05）. The apoptosis-related protein Bax protein expression in the tumor tissue was up-regulated， while the protein expression levels of Bcl-2 and p53 were down-regulated （P<0.05， P<0.01）. ConclusionAPS maintains the life state of U14 cervical cancer model mice treated with X-ray and promotes tumor cell apoptosis， thus enhancing the efficiency and reducing toxicity.