With the advancement of medical and health system,the reform of medical price became one of cores in new medical reform.According to the principle of "the total quantity control,the structure adjustment",in recent years,every region adjusted the medical price.However,the regional medical price disharmony was influenced by the mechanism of information-sharing,the differentiation right of pricing and management and setting basis and cycle.It followed the regional medical price disharmony concern over the principle,content and method of mechanism of regional medical price coordination for optimizing medical price management,so as to provide references for further optimizing medical service price management.

Objective To explore the activition and polarization of microglia in the epileptic rats induced by lithium chloride-pilocarpine. Methods One hundred male SD rats were randomly divided into five groups: control group and different time points model groups including 1d,3d,7d and 14d. Epilepsy models were established by lithium chloride-pilocarpine intraperitoneal injection. The control group was given the same dosage of normal saline. The morphology change was detected by immunofluorescence,and the expressions of iNOS and Arg-1 were determined by IHC at respective time points. Results Compared the model groups with control group,microglia was activated,synapsis was shorten,volume got bigger,most of them seemed as amoebocyte,the expression of iNOS increased and Arg-1 decreased,especially at 3d.ConclusionThe results from this study indicated that microglia was activated and polarized in epileptic rats induced by pilocarpine.

Objective To explo the antioxidant effect and molecular mechanism of gastrodin (Gas) in epilepsy (EP) rats induced by LiCl-pilocarpine (PILO) . Methods Eighty male SD rats were randomly divided into 5 groups: sham group, EP group, therapy groups (pretreated with 60 mg/kg, 90 mg/kg, 120 mg/kg of gastrodin respectively) . The EP model was esteblished by peritoneal injection of LiCl-PILO. Therapy groups were pretreated with various concerntration of Gas. The control group was given the same dosage of normal saline. The alteration of behavior was observed, the concentration of catalase (CAT), glutathion (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathion reductase (GR), total antioxidtion (T-AOC) and malondialdehyde (MDA) in rats brain cortex were detected by chemical colorimetric method, phosphorylation of p38 was determined by western blot. Results There was no EP seizure in sham group,and the EP seizure degree in therapy groups (gas pretreated groups) was significantly decreased,and had statistically significant difference with EP group (P<0.05) . The EP model rats exhibited a significant decrease in the concentration of endogenous antioxidants (CAT, GSH, SOD, GR and T-AOC), while an increase of the concentration of MDA and phosphorylation p38 protein as compared to sham group (P<0.05) . After treatment of the Gas,treatment group rats attenuated the seizure degree,exhibited a significant increase of the concentration of endogenous antioxidants (P<0.05),while a decrease in concentration of MDA and phosphorylation of p38 as compared to model group (P<0.05) . Conclusion Gas may have a neuroprotective role in central nervous system of epileptic rats modle by down-regulateing the seizure degree and the activity of p38 kinase and up-regulateing the content of endogenous antioxidants.

The expression of Fas ligand (FasL) on the membrane of many kinds of leukemia or solid tumor cells played an important role in the immune escape of tumor cells. This study was aimed to know if the soluble Fas (sFas), expressed by adenovirus, could block the immune escape of tumor cells by FasL pathway. The two recombinant adenoviral vectors, AdsFas with murine soluble Fas gene and AdEGFP with enhanced GFP protein gene, were constructed by homologous recombination between two plasmids in Escherichia coli with the AdEasy adenovirus vector system. The viruses were propagated and purified by two times ultracentrifugation. Their titres were detected by plaque assays. The expressed protein was evaluated by Western blot analysis. Then the tumor EL4 cells were infected with AdsFas and AdEGFP respectively. The apoptosis ratio of the target cells-YAC-1 cells induced by EL4 cells was respectively detected by (3)H-thymidine ((3)H-TdR) labeling. The results showed that the recombinant adenoviral vectors AdsFas and AdEGFP were successfully obtained. The titres of viruses purified by two times ultracentrifugation were up to 10(11) pfu/ml by plaque assays. The sFas protein was highly expressed in the target cells by Western blot analysis. After the EL4 cells were transfected with the adenoviruses AdsFas, the apoptosis rate of YAC-1 cells in the sFas transfection group (respectively 6%, 7% and 9% when the effector:target (E:T) was 3:1, 10:1 and 30:1) was obviously lower than that in the control group (respectively 28%, 37% and 45%), P < 0.01. But when the EL4 cells were transfected with AdEGFP, the apoptosis rate of YAC-1 cells (respectively 30%, 36% and 48%) was similar to the control group, P > 0.05. In conclusion, the transfer of sFas by adenovirus could inhibit the apoptosis of Fas(+) cells-YAC-1 cells induced by tumor EL4 cells. It showed that the transduction of sFas could block the effect of the immune escape of EL4 cells through FasL in vitro. These results thus provide a new direction to find a way to treat tumors.
Adenoviridae ; genetics ; Animals ; Apoptosis ; Blotting, Western ; Fas Ligand Protein ; Leukemia, T-Cell ; immunology ; Membrane Glycoproteins ; genetics ; physiology ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Transfection

Staphylococcus aureus is one of the most frequently encountered zoonotic pathogens.This bacterium produces the notable virulence factors such as hemolysin,panton-valentine leucocidin,exfoliative toxins and enterotoxin,which can cause invasive disease in humans and animals.Methicillin-resistant S.aureus (MRSA) is a multidrug-resistant bacterium which acquired the staphylococcal chromosome cassette mec (SCCmec).SCCmec is one of the key reasons for the antibiotic resistance of MRSA.As for MRSA resistance,the β-1actam resistance is mediated by mecA gene,and the drug-resistance genes inserted in the variable area of the SCCmec element play an important role in the multidrug resistance of MRSA.In recent years,it has been reported in Europe,North America and other countries that the multidrug resistance MRSA was detected in aquaculture environment and livestock.Besides,MRSA poses a serious threat to public health,and it can colonize and cause invasive disease in humans through aquaculture environment or other ways.This review summarizes drug resistance change of S.aureus and analysis of SCCmec resistance elements,toxicity and prevalence of livestock-associate MRSA,which would have theoretical and practical significance to understand S.aureus drug resistance,SCCmec typing,as well as control and prevent LA-MRSA transmission and infection between animals and humans.

OBJECTIVETo investigate whether murine soluble Fas gene transfected marrow graft could block the immune escape of leukemia cells, so as to eliminate the residual leukemia cells and reduce relapse after bone marrow transplantation (BMT).

METHODSThe murine leukemia/lymphoma models were established by inoculating female C57BL/6 mice (H-2b) with 10(5) EL4 cells/mouse through caudal vein. Donors of BM grafts were C57BL/6 male mice. Bone marrow mononuclear cells (BMMCs) were transfected with sFas or EGFP by adenovirus (adsFas or adEGFP) 24 hours before BMT (group D or E). The following three groups were set simultaneously: group A, no BMMCs transplanted; group B, BMMCs transplanted with no adenoviruses transfection; group C, EL4 cells transfusion only. Hematopoietic reconstitution, generation of leukemia/lymphoma and the survival rate were observed in all the groups after BMT.

RESULTSThe spleen indices examined 11 days after BMT were not obviously different among group B, D and E (P > 0.05), but in group A were significantly lower than those in the groups B, D, E (P < 0.01). The leukocyte and platelet counts on day 30 after BMT were recovered in group B and D, but were very low in group C and E. The Y-chromosomes appeared 2 months after BMT. Bone marrow pictures in group B and D were almost normal, but in group C and E had plenty of lymphoblast-like tumor cells. Tumors were obviously revealed in the mice of group C and E by histopathology examination, but did not in group B and D. The survival rate was 0 in group A, 100% in group B and D, 12.5% in group C and 6.25% in group E. Compared with that in group E, the survival was significantly increased in the sFas group (P < 0.01).

CONCLUSIONSGraft transfected with sFas gene prolonged the post-BMT survival of leukemia/lymphoma mice. The transfection of sFas might block the effect of the immune escape of EL4 cells through FasL.

Animals ; Bone Marrow Transplantation ; immunology ; Combined Modality Therapy ; Female ; Genetic Therapy ; methods ; Leukemia, Experimental ; immunology ; therapy ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Transduction, Genetic ; Transfection ; Transplantation, Homologous ; Tumor Escape ; fas Receptor ; genetics

OBJECTIVETo evaluate the effect on pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) to prevent HIV infection in high risk populations.

METHODSA computerized literature searching had been carried out in PubMed, EMbase, Ovid, Web of Science, Science Direct, Wanfang, Tsinghua Tongfang database and related websites to collect relevant papers (from establishment to June 2012) with the key words of pre-exposure prophylaxis, HIV, AIDS, high risk populations, relative risk, reduction. All randomized controlled trials (RCT) papers about using single or compound antiretroviral drugs (ARVs) orally or topically before HIV exposure or during HIV exposure in high risk populations were enrolled. Meta-analysis was conducted using Stata 10.0 to calculate the pooled RR value (95%CI). Consistency test was performed and publication bias was evaluated.

RESULTSFinally 5 RCT papers were enrolled, including 10 271 persons who were at high risk of HIV infection. The number of the experimental group was 5929, among which 116(1.96%) became infected. The number of the control group was 4342, among which 201(4.63%) became infected. Meta-analysis showed that the pooled relative risk (RR) and 95%CI was 0.49 (0.39 - 0.61), P < 0.05, indicating that the persons in experimental group had a 0.49 times lower risk of HIV infected, as compared with the control group. Publication bias analysis revealed a symmetry funnel plot. The fail-safe number was 825.

CONCLUSIONPrEP was an effective and safe protection measure to reduce HIV infection in high risk populations.

Anti-HIV Agents ; administration & dosage ; therapeutic use ; HIV Infections ; prevention & control ; Humans ; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic ; Risk

Leukemic cells from patients expressed high level FasL cause apoptosis of autologous activated T cells via the Fas/FasL pathway. To investigate the role of soluble Fas (sFas) in reversing this process, a retroviral-mediated expression vector pLXIN-sFas was established. A retroviral-mediated expression system of human sFas was established in vitro and the biological activity of the expression product sFas was observed. To obtain the soluble Fas cDNA, the specific part of the full-length Fas cDNA was deleted by multiple PCR. After pLXIN-sFas packaged by PA317 cells, it was transferred into the target cell COS-7. The quantity of the sFas was (2.2 +/- 0.7) micro g/ml in supernatant of cultured COS-7 cells, and it could greatly inhibit apoptosis of Jurket cells induced by anti-Fas antibody. Our results suggested that the recombinant is able to express the target proteins in vitro and it has the perfect biological activity.
3T3 Cells ; Animals ; Apoptosis ; drug effects ; COS Cells ; Cell Line ; Cell Survival ; drug effects ; Culture Media, Conditioned ; pharmacology ; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug ; Gene Expression ; Genetic Vectors ; genetics ; Humans ; Jurkat Cells ; Mice ; Retroviridae ; genetics ; Solubility ; fas Receptor ; genetics ; metabolism ; pharmacology

Objective To study the acceptability of pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) to prevent the transmission of HIV among men who have sex with men (MSM) in Guangxi, China.Methods Snow-balling methods were used to recruit 650 MSM in Guangxi. Questionnaires and interview were administrated to these 650 men, using a self-designed questionnaire and face to face interviews to collect information on HIV-related risk behaviors, knowledge and acceptability of PrEP.effective, safe and free of charge', 597 (91.9%) of the 650 MSM claimed that they would accept it,who refused to use it, most of them said that were afraid of the side-effect and doubted on the effectiveness of PrEP. Data from logistic regression analysis showed that those who had found partners through friends (OR=6.21, P=0.020) and those who would advise his friend to use PrEP (OR=39.32, P=0.000) were more likely to accept PrEP. Those who thought they could protect themselves from HIV infection (OR=0.32, P=0.010) or not having sex with the ones who refused to use a condom (OR=0.34, P=0.010) were less likely to accept PrEP. Conclusion Effectiveness, safety and cost seemed to be the main influential factors related to the acceptability of PrEP. Peer education might improve the acceptability of PrEP.

Objective To investigate the influencing factors on behavior related to HIV testing among female commercial sex workers under Structural Equation Model (SEM).Methods In Chongqing,Sichuan,Guangxi,Xinjiang provinces,1613 female commercial sex workers were participated in a questionnaire survey.Factors on behaviors related to HIV testing among female commercial sex workers were analyzed based on SEM.Results Influencing factors on behaviors related to HIV testing among female commercial sex workers would include social status,knowledge on AIDS,risk through self-evaluation,condom use,frequency of sexual services etc.GFI,AGFI,RMR were 0.9952,0.9898 and 0.0115 respectively.Conclusion Social status,knowledge on AIDS,risk through self-evaluation,condom use and frequency of sexual services were affecting the behaviors related to HIV testing among female commercial sex workers.