Objective To investigate the relationship of serum and carcinoma levels of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1)with clinical characteristics in patients with endometrial carcinoma.Methods Serum level of PAI-1 was determined by using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA) in patients with endometrial carcinoma (n =40),uterine prolapsed with normal endometrial tissues(n=40).The protein expression of PAI-1 in endometrial tissue was detected by using immunohistochemistry in patients with endometrial carcinoma and uterine prolapse patients.Results Serum level of PAI-1 was higher in patients with endometrial carcinoma than in uterine prolapse patients with normal endometrial tissues(19.43±7.12 μg/L vs.6.58±2.33 μg/L,P＜0.05).The rate of positive expression of PAI-1 was higher in endometrial carcinoma tissue than in uterine prolapse tissue[62.5 ％ (25/40) vs.7.5 ％ (3/40),P ＜ 0.01].Compared with early-stage endometrial carcinoma,advanced endometrial carcinoma had an increased rate of positive expression of PAI-1 (P ＜0.01).Compared with endometrioid adenocarcinoma,other pathological types of endometrial carcinoma had an increased rate of positive expression of PAI-1 (P ＜ 0.05).Poorly differentiated endometrial carcinoma versus highly differentiated endometrial carcinoma had an increased positive rate of PAI-1 (P ＜0.05).The rate of positive expression of PAI-1 was higher in endometrial carcinoma with myometrial invasion than without myometrial invasion(25/31 vs.0/9,P＜0.01).Conclusions The expression level of PAI-1 may be related to the invasion and metastasis of endometrial carcinoma.

Cystatin, a cysteine protease inhibitor found in many parasites, plays important roles in immune evasion. This study analyzed the molecular characteristics of a cystatin from Fasciola hepatica (FhCystatin) and expressed recombinant FhCystatin (rFhcystatin) to investigate the immune modulatory effects on lipopolysaccharide-induced proliferation, migration, cytokine secretion, nitric oxide (NO) production, and apoptosis in mouse macrophages. The FhCystatin gene encoded 116 amino acids and contained a conserved cystatin-like domain. rFhCystatin significantly inhibited the activity of cathepsin B. rFhCystatin bound to the surface of mouse RAW264.7 cells, significantly inhibited cell proliferation and promoted apoptosis. Moreover, rFhCystatin inhibited the expression of cellular nitric oxide, interleukin-6, and tumor necrosis factor-α, and promoted the expression of transforming growth factor-β and interleukin-10. These results showed that FhCystatin played an important role in regulating the activity of mouse macrophages. Our findings provide new insights into mechanisms underlying the immune evasion and contribute to the exploration of potential targets for the development of new drug to control F. hepatica infection.

Chitinase AO-801 is a hydrolase secreted by Arthrobotrys oligospora during nematode feeding, while its role remained elusive. This study analyzed the molecular characteristics of recombinant chitinase of Arthrobotrys oligospora (reAO-801). AO-801 belongs to the typical glycoside hydrolase 18 family with conserved chitinase sequence and tertiary structure of (α/β)8 triose-phosphate isomerase (TIM) barrel. The molecular weight of reAO-801 was 42 kDa. reAO-801 effectively degraded colloidal and powdered chitin, egg lysate, and stage I larval lysate of Caenorhabditis elegans. The activity of reAO-801 reached its peak at 40˚C and pH values between 4-7. Enzyme activity was inhibited by Zn2+, Ca2+, and Fe3+, whereas Mg2+ and K+ potentiated its activity. In addition, urea, sodium dodecyl sulfate, and 2-mercaptoethanol significantly inhibited enzyme activity. reAO-801 showed complete nematicidal activity against C. elegans stage I larvae. reAO-801 broke down the C. elegans egg shells, causing them to die or die prematurely by hatching the eggs. It also invoked degradation of Haemonchus contortus eggs, resulting in apparent changes in the morphological structure. This study demonstrated the cytotoxic effect of reAO-801, which laid the foundation for further dissecting the mechanism of nematode infestation by A. oligospora.

Objective Based on"timing it right"framework,this study explored the dynamic changes of care dilemma in caregivers of adolescents with mood disorder and non-suicidal self-injury at different stages of disease development,and provided support for the construction of intervention programs.Methods This study adopted phenomenological research and purposive sampling method to select 11 caregivers of adolescents with mood disorders and non-suicidal self-injury behavior who were treated and hospitalized in a tertiary A psychiatric hospital in Henan Province from May 2022 to February 2023 as research subjects.According to the"timing it right"theory,5 semi-structured interviews were conducted with caregivers during the adolescent diagnostic period,hospitalization period,discharge preparation period,adjustment period,and adaptation period.The data was analyzed by the Colaizzi 7-step analysis method.Results The following themes were summarized.①Diagnostic period:complex emotional reactions,facing a dilemma at a loss.②Hospitalization period:lack of knowledge of disease and childcare,self-conscious care difficulties.③Discharge preparation period:lack of confidence in home care and lower expectations for the future of adolescents.④Adjustment period:lack of care skills and desire professional care support.⑤Adaptation period:negatively coping with diseases,with persistent care difficulties.Conclusion The care dilemma of caregivers of adolescents with mood disorders and non-suicidal self-injury behavior in different stages of disease development is dynamic.Medical staff should provide personalized professional support in a planned and continuous manner based on their different stages of care experience and needs,in order to improve the quality of their care and promote adolescent rehabilitation.