The international Non-governmental Organizations ( NGOs) have been playing an important role in the field of global health, which also represents a channel for countries' international experience. This research fo-cuses on the role of NGOs in global health, their governance tools, global health program management experience, and current status of development for Chinese NGOs. In light of international experiences, we suggest the Chinese government to support a few top NGOs to engage intensely in global health, build management and cooperation mechanism with NGO which will be considered as important complemertary role. The Chinese government shonld implement “major support and comprehensive improvement” strategy.

Objective:To study the effects of basic medical insurance ecdemic settlement policy on health services utilization.Methods:Based on data from China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Survey conducted in 2011 and 2013, a multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to compare the effect of basic health insurance registering site on health services utilization before and after the implementation of basic medical insurance ecdemic settlement policy .Results:Af-ter the basic medical insurance ecdemic settlement policy was carried out , health services utilization was improved .Con-clusions:The basic medical insurance ecdemic settlement policy can effectively improve the portability of health insur-ances, reducing the crowd remote medical disorders of off-site medical services to improve health care accessibility .

Objectives:To analyze the influencing factors and status of hospital seeking behavior among floating population by focusing on the function of health insurance , and provide evidence to comprehensively promote tiered health care system in China .Methods:Using data from 2014 National Floating Population Dynamic Monitoring Survey , multivariate logistic regressions were applied to analyze the influencing factors of hospital seeking behavior for inpatient care .Chi-square tests were used to analyze the different proportion of having basic medical insurance reimbursement and reasons for not having it for different hierarchical inpatient care , and T test were used to analyze the ratio of basic medical insurance reimbursement for hospital costs .Results:The proportion of hospitalization at the county level and below was 56.4%among floating population , the proportion of inflow patients being 51.5%and the rest of the hospital population being counted at a proportion of 37.9%, lower than the corresponding proportion of 72.6%among local res-idents derived from the Fifth National Health Services Survey , but this ratio was 78.9%among registered population . The multivariate logistic regression results indicated that demographic , socio-economic and flow characteristics , hospital location and reasons for hospitalization have significantly affected the migrant inpatients facilities , but health insurance did not significantly influence the hospital seeking behaviors among floating population .Conclusions:The proportion of hospitalization at the county level and below was low among migrants and this proportion presented great regional differ -ences;and medical insurance didn't play a guiding role in the diversion of the internal floating population .

After introduction into Chinese academy, and in the application in health care domain, the usage ofmotivation and related concepts has been changed. The changes were partly due to pragmatic utility, and caused confusion in the application of motivation theory in Chinese human resource for health. Both English and Chinese lit-erature was reviewed and systematic literature review was applied. We analyzed the different definitions of motiva-tion in English, and how they were used and understand in Chinese academia in history. Motivation was divided into three Chinese concepts, representing the process of motivation, inner driver of motivation and psychological state of being motivated. The other usage changes include willful exchange ofincentive andmotivation;motivationbeing used more as a means to motivate than a motivational process;the result of motivation as an aroused psychologi-cal state not seriously defined. Systematic literature review revealed the distribution of various motivation topics in Chinese literature and supported the abovementioned arguments. These changes of usage could cause barriers to re-search of human resource for health in China. It is recommended that usage ofmotivation should be clarified in ac-ademia in China and the process of motivation rather than motivation as a managerial means deserves more attention.

Objective:To analyze the influential factors, trend and equity of preventive care utilization in China from 1991 to 2011. Methods:Using China Health and Nutrition Survey ( CHNS) , logistic regression was applied to explore influential factors, study time trend of preventive care utilization, and examine its equity by Concentration In-dex. Results: Total preventive care services and physical examination utilization significantly increased. Significant inequity still exit in terms of general physical examination and blood text, however, disappeared with respect to blood pressure screening and gynecological examination. Main influential factors of preventive care utilization includes in-come, gender, education and insurance, etc. Conclusion:Preventive care utilization had significantly grown with de-creasing inequalities, but inequity still exit, particularly for general physical examination and blood test.

Objective Studying the status quo and constraints for rural healthcare service in grassroot rural healthcare units,for policy recommendations.Methods Using data from the fourth healthcare service investigation,by means of quantitative interview and qualitative interview,for an investigative interview of 348 township hospitals and 251 village clinics in 31 provinces in China.Results Deployment percentage of primary heahhcare services at township hospitals level is 49.1% (28.0/57),and that for village clinics is 60.6%(5.4/9).Conclusions The key to upgrading rural healthcare service system at grassroots level is to deploy better diagnostic equipments,upgrade the diagnostic competence of grassroots healthcare personnel and build a continuous service system for primary healthcare service.

Objective:The process of myocardial infarction is generally characterized by the activation of host immune cells and the occurrence of inflammation. However, it is unknown which immune cells are preferentially activated and participated into the progression of myocardial infarction. Methods:A total of 55 patients with myocardial ischemia including 13 of stable angina ( SA) ,25 of unstable angina (UA) and 17 of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) as well as 12 of healthy controls (HCs) were enrolled in the study. The frequency and the immune activation marker CD38 expression by peripheral CD3 T cells,CD4 T cells,CD8 T cells,CD4+NKT cells, CD4- NKT cells, CD3-CD56+ NK cells and B cells were comprehensively analyzed. Results:There was no significant difference in the frequencies of these immune cell subsets in peripheral blood among these four groups. Importantly,it was found that CD38 expression was significantly increased on CD8 T cells,NKT cells and NK cells in patients with acute coronary syndromes ( ACS) including UA and AMI patients as compared with those in SA and HC subjects. These data indicated that multiple immune cells were activated in ACS patients,which were possibly participated into the pathogenesis of ACS. Conclusion:The activation of multiple immune cells was closely associated with the progression and outcome in ACS patients. This study provides immune hyper-activation mechanism underlying the development of ACS and may favor for finding a novel immune marker to predict the progression of ACS.

The international NGOs have been playing an important role in global health governance, and also represent a channel for countries to exert international influence. However, the Chinese NGOs are not actively in-volved in global health so far. This purpose of this paper is to analyze and show the picture of the social and political context of NGOs in China, to learn from the experience of emerging global health-related NGOs through describing their development, provides a strategy for China to support NGO participation in the global health governance, and to put forward recommendation on how to develop China’s global health NGOs based on experiences from international counterparts. The results of this paper found that China has a better international environment, which is a beneficial opportunity for the country to engage in global health governance. Domestic social NGOs are developing progressive-ly, while they are still being harnessed by political safety considerations, for example being affiliated to public admin-istrative system and policy orientation development. However, this would possibly not obstruct health-related NGOs for its minimal political relevance as it is oriented at professionalism, i. e. specialization, public service attributes and relevance to public governance. Therefore, health-related NGOs can have more support from governments since their number is relatively small, with less foundation ( they are undeveloped) and less participation in international cooper-ation ( they lack international involvement) . International experience indicates that supports from governmental enti-ties represent a backbone of the emerging institutions in the participation into the global health programs. The author suggests that the Chinese government should establish a specific global health development strategy of “prioritizing and improving the whole” and setting up the global development strategy in the county. The government should attach more importance to the government-owned and affiliated and private-capital-supported (social elites) NGOs, guide and subsidize them to the international stage, to engage intensely in global health.

The global health system is undergoing dramatic reforms, which would further bring about signifi-cant changes in key global health stakeholders. As a key actor and decision maker in global health system, NGO owns extensive experiences in global health governance and can provide a systematic experience for China’s participa-tion in global health decision-making as a reference model. This paper aimed at studying the roles of NGOs in the field of global health, the roles which can be summarized in four aspects of advocacy, implementation, support, and community mobilization. In addition, NGOs also developed some potential risks and unexpected impacts on global health governance. As represented by some typical examples, there occurred conflicts of interests between some NGOs and the local governments. A number of local health systems suffered from a considerable brain drain of health personnel to NGOs, especially the health officials and technical staff, which weakened the country’s health workforce and system. The financing model driven by external donors could weaken the influences and capacity of local govern-ments on health planning. As a key member involved in global health, we that suggested China and Chinese NGOs should strategically and rationally borrow their experiences and try to avoid these risks.

The International Foundations have invested large sums of funds to participate in global health gov-ernance and greatly contributed to the promotion of global health. The foundations have extensive experience in the management of global health projects. Based on the nature of the foundation and its structure in the government, this paper compares the management methods of project management, project selection, project planning, project imple-mentation, project follow-up, project evaluation and project completion in two stages of the Gates Foundation and Global Fund. It summarizes the project management features, provided references for China participating in global health governance.