Intricate nature of Immunology teaching,characterized by diverse cellular types,complex molecular mechanisms,and highly dynamic immune responses,poses significant challenges.Utilization of artificial intelligence(AI)technology to provide personalized learning pathways and resources for Immunology education has emerged as a critical direction in contemporary educational reform.By examining current domestic application status and specific teaching practices,this article explores gap between AI technology and traditional teaching theories,analyzes issues such as deep integration and transformation of teacher's role.Special attention is also given to ethical considerations,including privacy protection,fairness and accessibility,and ethical implications of data processing.In response to these issues,authors propose a set of comprehensive recommendations,including establishing a student-centered learning model,strengthening teaching staff capabilities,improving privacy protection and algorithmic transparency,promoting educational equity,and reinforcing ethical education,aiming to support healthy and sustainable development of AI technology within Immunology education,offering valuable insights for reform and innovation of Immunology education.

Intricate nature of Immunology teaching,characterized by diverse cellular types,complex molecular mechanisms,and highly dynamic immune responses,poses significant challenges.Utilization of artificial intelligence(AI)technology to provide personalized learning pathways and resources for Immunology education has emerged as a critical direction in contemporary educational reform.By examining current domestic application status and specific teaching practices,this article explores gap between AI technology and traditional teaching theories,analyzes issues such as deep integration and transformation of teacher's role.Special attention is also given to ethical considerations,including privacy protection,fairness and accessibility,and ethical implications of data processing.In response to these issues,authors propose a set of comprehensive recommendations,including establishing a student-centered learning model,strengthening teaching staff capabilities,improving privacy protection and algorithmic transparency,promoting educational equity,and reinforcing ethical education,aiming to support healthy and sustainable development of AI technology within Immunology education,offering valuable insights for reform and innovation of Immunology education.

OBJECTIVE To screen and obtain nanobodies with neutralizing activity against granulo-cyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor(GM-CSF)to contribute to investigations into the mecha-nism of inflammation interventions and the development new drugs.METHODS Recombinant human GM-CSF was subcutaneously injected to immunize camels.Peripheral blood was collected after five immunizations,and mononuclear cells were isolated.Total mRNA was extracted,and the variable domains of the heavy chain of heavy-chain antibody(VHH,also called nanobody)genes were obtained by PCR amplification after reverse transcription.The genes were cloned into the pADSCFV-S phage display vector and electrotransformed into TG1 competent cells to construct a nanobody immune library that was screened with recombinant human GM-CSF immobilized on a solid phase.The VHH genes specifi-cally binding to human GM-CSF were cloned into the pABG eukaryotic expression vector before VHH-Fc samples were prepared by using the human embryonic kidney 293 fibroblast expression system.The binding activity of candidate VHH-Fc molecules to GM-CSF was investigated through ELISA response curves,and binding colorimetric values with different antigens were detected to determine their specificity.The binding affinity between VHH-Fc candidates and GM-CSF was measured using biolayer interferom-etry(BLI).The inhibition rate curve of VHH-Fc candidates on GM-CSF was detected through cell prolif-eration assays to determine its neutralization activity.The Uncle system was used to investigate its thermal stability.100 μg of VHH-Fc was injected into mice via the tail vein,and the serum concentration of VHH-Fc was quantitatively detected by ELISA to examine its pharmacokinetic curve in mice.RESULTS The camel serum titer of anti-human GM-CSF antibodies was higher than 1:800 000 after the fifth immuni-zation,and the capacity of the constructed nanobody library was about 5.55×107.Following the screening process,five candidate VHH-Fc molecules specifically binding to human GM-CSF were obtained.Among these,22N10 effectively neutralized the cell proliferation-promoting activity of GM-CSF(the IC50 value was 17.23 nmol·L-1).Subsequent studies revealed that 22N10 interacted with human GM-CSF with an affinity of 1.97×10-8 mol·L-1,blocked the binding of GM-CSF to its receptor CSF2Rα,exhibited good thermal stability(Tm1=59.2℃),and showed favorable metabolic characteristics in mice.CONCLU-SION A new candidate nanobody molecule 22N10 targeting human GM-CSF is obtained which is expected to facilitate the drug development and mechanism investigations.

OBJECTIVE To screen and obtain nanobodies with neutralizing activity against granulo-cyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor(GM-CSF)to contribute to investigations into the mecha-nism of inflammation interventions and the development new drugs.METHODS Recombinant human GM-CSF was subcutaneously injected to immunize camels.Peripheral blood was collected after five immunizations,and mononuclear cells were isolated.Total mRNA was extracted,and the variable domains of the heavy chain of heavy-chain antibody(VHH,also called nanobody)genes were obtained by PCR amplification after reverse transcription.The genes were cloned into the pADSCFV-S phage display vector and electrotransformed into TG1 competent cells to construct a nanobody immune library that was screened with recombinant human GM-CSF immobilized on a solid phase.The VHH genes specifi-cally binding to human GM-CSF were cloned into the pABG eukaryotic expression vector before VHH-Fc samples were prepared by using the human embryonic kidney 293 fibroblast expression system.The binding activity of candidate VHH-Fc molecules to GM-CSF was investigated through ELISA response curves,and binding colorimetric values with different antigens were detected to determine their specificity.The binding affinity between VHH-Fc candidates and GM-CSF was measured using biolayer interferom-etry(BLI).The inhibition rate curve of VHH-Fc candidates on GM-CSF was detected through cell prolif-eration assays to determine its neutralization activity.The Uncle system was used to investigate its thermal stability.100 μg of VHH-Fc was injected into mice via the tail vein,and the serum concentration of VHH-Fc was quantitatively detected by ELISA to examine its pharmacokinetic curve in mice.RESULTS The camel serum titer of anti-human GM-CSF antibodies was higher than 1:800 000 after the fifth immuni-zation,and the capacity of the constructed nanobody library was about 5.55×107.Following the screening process,five candidate VHH-Fc molecules specifically binding to human GM-CSF were obtained.Among these,22N10 effectively neutralized the cell proliferation-promoting activity of GM-CSF(the IC50 value was 17.23 nmol·L-1).Subsequent studies revealed that 22N10 interacted with human GM-CSF with an affinity of 1.97×10-8 mol·L-1,blocked the binding of GM-CSF to its receptor CSF2Rα,exhibited good thermal stability(Tm1=59.2℃),and showed favorable metabolic characteristics in mice.CONCLU-SION A new candidate nanobody molecule 22N10 targeting human GM-CSF is obtained which is expected to facilitate the drug development and mechanism investigations.

The 19 th Chinese Symposium of Burns and Wounds was successfully held in Foshan of Guangdong Province from June 20 th to 22 nd in 2024. There were more than 700 delegates attending the academic event. The theme of the congress was expansion, integration and standardization, which could promote academic exchanges, multi-disciplinary fusion, and standardization of clinical treatment of burns and wounds. A total of nearly 200 famous experts and scholars had their speeches on the two-day keynote forum and special academic seminars including critical care, wound repair, scar prevention and treatment, rehabilitation nursing, and disciplinary integration sessions. The congress ended successfully with abundant fruits and friendship.

Microglia-mediated neuroinflammation is widely perceived as a contributor to numerous neurological diseases and mental disorders including depression. Discs large homolog 1 (Dlg1), an adaptor protein, regulates cell polarization and the function of K

Microglia-mediated neuroinflammation is widely perceived as a contributor to numerous neurological diseases and mental disorders including depression. Discs large homolog 1 (Dlg1), an adaptor protein, regulates cell polarization and the function of K
Animals ; Depression/chemically induced* ; Inflammation ; Lipopolysaccharides/toxicity* ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Mice, Knockout ; Microglia ; NF-kappa B ; Neuroinflammatory Diseases

Objective:To investigate the factors affecting the application of systemic glucocorticoids in patients with acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (AECOPD) with carbon dioxide (CO 2) retention, and to guide the formulation of a strategy to reduce systemic glucocorticoid exposure. Methods:The AECOPD patients with CO 2 retention admitted to the Ningde Municipal Hospital of Fujian Medical University from January 2017 to December 2019 were enrolled. The general information, past history, times of acute exacerbations within 1 year, pneumonia on admission, causes of COPD, heart failure, blood gas analysis, eosinophil count (EOS), albumin (Alb) and apolipoprotein E (ApoE) levels, exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO) level, inhaled glucocorticoid and non-invasive mechanical ventilation treatment at acute exacerbation were collected. The patients were divided into recommended dosage group (exposure levels in the recommended dosage range, cumulative prednisone dosage ≤ 200 mg) and exceeded group (exposure levels exceeded the recommended dose, cumulative prednisone dosage > 200 mg) according to cumulative systemic glucocorticoid exposure dosage of the patients during hospitalization. The clinical data of patients between the two groups were compared, and possible factors with P < 0.1 in univariate analysis were included in multivariate Logistic regression analysis to screen the related factors of systemic glucocorticoid exposure level in AECOPD patients with CO 2 retention. Results:According to the order of hospitalization, 151 AECOPD patients with CO 2 retention were enrolled, 8 patients were excluded, and 143 patients were enrolled in the analysis. Of the 143 patients, 68 received the recommended dose of systemic glucocorticoid, and 75 received excessive systemic glucocorticoid. Age, percentage of forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1%) at stable phase, frequency of acute exacerbation within 1 year, heart failure ratio, oxygen index (PaO 2/FiO 2), arterial partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PaCO 2), serum EOS and ApoE levels at admission, the ratio of aerosolized inhaled glucocorticoids and non-invasive mechanical ventilation showed statistical differences between the two groups. Multivariate Logistic regression analysis showed that related factors affecting systemic glucocorticoid exposure levels of AECOPD patients with CO 2 retention were FEV1% at stable phase [odds ratio ( OR) = 0.957, 95% confidence interval (95% CI) was 0.921-0.994, P = 0.023], acute exacerbation frequency within 1 year ( OR = 1.530, 95% CI was 1.121-2.088, P = 0.007), heart failure ( OR = 3.022, 95% CI was 1.263-7.231, P = 0.013), PaCO 2 ( OR = 1.062, 95% CI was 1.010-1.115, P = 0.018) and EOS at admission ( OR = 0.103, 95% CI was 0.016-0.684, P = 0.019), aerosolized inhaled glucocorticoids ( OR = 0.337, 95% CI was 0.145-0.783, P = 0.011) and non-invasive mechanical ventilation at acute exacerbation ( OR = 0.422, 95% CI was 0.188-0.948, P = 0.037), of which high FEV1% at stable phase, high EOS at admission, aerosolized inhaled glucocorticoid and non-invasive mechanical ventilation at acute exacerbation were protective factors, while high frequency of acute exacerbation within 1 year, heart failure and high PaCO 2 were risk factors. Conclusions:For AECOPD patients with CO 2 retention, high FEV1% at stable phase, high EOS level at admission, aerosolized inhaled glucocorticoid and non-invasive mechanical ventilation at acute exacerbation can reduce systemic glucocorticoid exposure. In addition, high frequency of acute exacerbation within 1 year, heart failure, and high PaCO 2 can increase systemic glucocorticoid exposure.

Objective: To understand the current situation of intimate partner violence (IPV) among young students in Chengdu and its relationship with emotion regulation self-efficacy,and to provide a reference for conducting the education on close relationship. Methods: Totally 1 041 young students with love experience in Chengdu were selected by by stratified cluster random sampling to explore potentional factors related to IPV. Results: The incidence of IPV perpetration among young students with love experience was as high as 69.6% and the incidence of IPV victimization was 62.2%. Young students had committed(65.4%) or been subjected(64.0%) to more than three intimate partner violence. 59.92% young students were both perpetrators and victims of IPV. Multiple Logistic regression analysis showed that compared with young female students, young male students were not prone to commit violence in intimate relationships(OR=0.59), but may become victims of IPV(OR=1.91). More than half a year in love(OR=1.70), cohabitation(OR=2.47), bullying by peers (OR=1.54) and interference by parents (OR=1.63) were risk factors for IPV perpetration. Among them, more than half a year in love (OR=1.51) and cohabitants (OR=2.52) were positively associated with IPV victimization. The efficacy of managing negative emotions was a negatively associated with IPV perpetration (OR=0.96) and victimization(OR=0.97)(P<0.05). Conclusion The phenomenon of intimate partner violence among young students is more common, which is closely related to the rearing style of young students, peer relationship, love relationship and the ability to manage negative emotions, which should be paid attention to.

Objective To examine the practical value of early detection of heart-type fatty acid binding protein (H-FABP)for risk stratification and prognosis assessment in cardiac troponin T (cTnT)-negative acute coronary syndrome(ACS)patients.Methods From March 2010 to March 2012,55 patients with chest pain and negative cTnT were selected from 232 ACS patients at the General Hospital of PLA.Expression levels of cTnT and H-FABP were detected within 6 h of the onset of clinical symptoms.H-FABP and cTnT values at 12,24,and 48 h from the onset of clinical symptoms were continuously measured to monitor the dynamic changes.Based on prognosis,patients were divided into two groups,levels of H-FABP were compared,and its predictive value for prognosis was assessed with the ROC curve.Results Within 6 h of the onset of clinical symptoms,cTnT levels in cTnT-negative ACS patients increased gradually as disease progressed and reached the peak value at 12 h before decreasing slowly and arriving at 50％ of the peak value at 48 h.Meanwhile,HFABP levels reached the peak within 6 h,decreased slightly(12.8％) at 12 h,and then decreased rapidly at 48 h (about 79％).Of 55 patients,24 had acute myocardial infarction during hospitalization.The H-FABP level within 6 h was a good predictor for cTnT-negative ACS patients.The area under ROC curve was 0.946 and the cutoff value was 15.47 μg/L.The prediction sensitivity was 87.5 ％,with a specificity of 90.3％.Eleven patients had cardiovascular events after a 12-month follow-up.Levels of H-FABP were different in patients with or without cardiovascular events,[(38.08±8.43) μg/L vs.(18.96 ± 2.85) μg/L (t =2.438,P＜0.05)].ROC curve analysis showed that the area under the curve was 0.772 and the prediction cutoff value was 44.71 μg/L.The rates of cardiovascular events were markedly different between patients with high(≥44.71 μg/L)and those with 1ow(＜44.71 μg/L)H-FABP levels(54.5％ vs.11.4％).Conclusions For ACS patients with negative cTnT,H-FABP is a good index for early risk stratification and prognosis assessment.